Diphtheria tetanus vaccination at 7 years of age. ADS vaccine - vaccination against diphtheria and tetanus

In the first year of life, a newborn receives a large number of vaccinations from various diseases. Vaccination against tetanus and diphtheria is included in the mandatory list of vaccines administered to a child of this age.

Diphtheria - disease infectious nature, which is very severe and transmitted by airborne droplets. This disease is characterized by severe sore throat with enlarged tonsils. At further development The disease may cause difficulty breathing and, as a result, suffocation. In addition, in the absence of proper treatment and vaccination, complications are common, resulting in damage to other body systems, such as the liver, heart and kidneys, as a result of severe intoxication.

Tetanus is an infectious disease caused by the tetanus bacillus, which is very widespread in environment. It enters the body through open wound, however, is active only in the absence of oxygen, that is, the wound must be closed. Once in the blood, the wand has a destructive effect on the nervous system, as a result of which the infected person feels stiffness and pain in the muscles and tissues, after which convulsions and suffocation appear.

Any of the infections described above is extremely dangerous, as it can lead to disability or death for the child.

Vaccination against tetanus and diphtheria

The only panacea for the above problems is vaccination. Its essence lies in the fact that a weakened form of the toxin is introduced into the child’s body by intramuscular injection, as a result of which the production of immunobodies to this toxin begins.

There are several types of vaccinations against diphtheria and tetanus:

1. DTP is a complex type of vaccine, which includes weakened toxins of diphtheria, whooping cough and tetanus. DPT vaccines include Infanrix, Tetracok and Tritanrix (the complex also contains toxins, causing hepatitis IN). This type of grafting material contains cells from killed bacterial carriers.
2. ADS is a vaccine against tetanus and diphtheria, excluding the pertussis component. It is done when the whooping cough vaccination is contraindicated for medical reasons (for example, the presence of chronic diseases) or the child has already suffered from whooping cough, as a result of which DTP vaccination is impossible.
3. ADSM is a type of DPT, but ADSM contains substances that promote the development of immunity only against diphtheria and tetanus. This vaccination is intended for children over 4 years of age who have individual intolerance to DPT and DPT, as well as adults for whom revaccination is mandatory every 10 years.
4. AS-M is the name of a monovaccine containing toxins, with the help of which immunity is developed only to diphtheria. Most often it is given to children after 6 years of age as a booster vaccination.
5. AS is another type of monovaccine, only in this case it is a tetanus shot.

It should be noted that the above mono-vaccines are used only in extreme cases, when for medical reasons it is not possible to administer DPT, which is still the most effective vaccination against whooping cough, diphtheria, and tetanus.

In general, it is the vaccination against whooping cough, that is, the whooping cough component, that gives different in intensity side effects.

Vaccination algorithm

In total, children are vaccinated against diphtheria 5 times. About the upcoming vaccination medical worker warns parents in advance so that they can evaluate all the advantages and disadvantages of a particular type of vaccine.

The child receives a vaccination against diphtheria, whooping cough, and tetanus at 3 months, 4.5 and 6 months, respectively, according to the vaccination calendar, except in cases where the vaccination is postponed or is not possible at all for medical reasons. This is followed by revaccination at 1.5 years, at 7 years, after which the AD and AS vaccinations are given at intervals of 10 years.

Vaccination is carried out strictly in a medical facility. The injection is given intramuscularly. Where is the vaccination given? As a rule, this question worries many parents. The injection is usually given in the thigh area or under the shoulder blade.

After vaccination, public places should be avoided to avoid infecting the child with other viruses and bacteria due to the immunity being temporarily weakened by the injected toxins.

Contraindications to vaccination against diphtheria and tetanus

There are a number objective reasons, when vaccinations in general, vaccination against tetanus and diphtheria in particular, are undesirable and even contraindicated, as they can lead to very sad consequences and cause complications:

• recent acute respiratory viral infections, acute respiratory infections and other acute diseases, after which it is recommended to wait about 4 weeks before vaccination;
• pregnancy period;
• tendency to allergic reactions, in which you should also wait about 4 weeks after an exacerbation;
• severe conditions immune system, for example HIV;
• pathological condition nervous system, in which vaccination is permitted only after consultation with a neurologist and during the period of absence of disease progression;
• individual intolerance to vaccine components.

Side effects during vaccination

In general, side effects manifested in mild form, are possible as a variant of the immune response to the administered drug. And this can be considered a positive sign. This means that the process of developing immunity is going the right way. However, with modern vaccines the risk of complications is minimized, so there is no need to worry if there are no side effects.

A mild form of the consequences of vaccination is usually expressed as follows:

• slight redness and swelling appears at the injection site, but it should be no more than 8 cm in diameter;
• temporary neurological changes - effects of increased slowness or agitation;
• headache;
• nausea and sometimes vomiting; small children may experience frequent regurgitation;
• elevated body temperature.

The above symptoms must be carefully observed and must be reported to the doctor, who will make an appropriate note in the patient’s record.

More serious side effects of DTP vaccination are also possible, such as, for example, damage to the nervous system and brain, expressed in clouding of consciousness and even convulsions. The presence of such reactions is a complete contraindication to further vaccination.

In the end, the decision to carry out or refuse vaccination against diphtheria and tetanus is still made by the child’s parents, and responsibility for the results of this decision lies largely on their shoulders. However, one should remember not only about possible complications, but also about the much more dire consequences of possible infection of a small organism with severe infections.

rebenokzabolel.ru

Vaccination against diphtheria and tetanus

Vaccination against tetanus and diphtheria is mandatory in almost all countries. The first time it is done to children infancy, then at school, but adults should not forget about the dangers of these diseases.

Vaccination against diphthyria and tetanus

Are these vaccinations necessary today?

Tetanus and diphtheria are among the most serious diseases. Today, even with timely treatment, the mortality rate from diphtheria in children under 12 years of age reaches 10%. For tetanus, these numbers are even higher - about 50% in developed cases. The only worse indicators are for rabies, for which there is still no treatment. There is no natural protection against these diseases; even people who have had them are not immune from re-infection.

Today, after decades of mandatory mass vaccinations, these diseases have become rare enough that many do not take them seriously. But if you look at the statistics from the beginning of the century, you can understand how serious they are: about 10% of all children under 10 years old suffered from diphtheria. Half of them died. That is, 5% of all children born died from diphtheria. Tetanus was less common, but it was a clear verdict.

Despite the growing number of people refusing vaccinations, so-called herd immunity still remains in society, when a large number of people immune to this disease prevent epidemics from developing.

But due to a false sense of security, many people refuse vaccinations, believing that their chances of becoming infected are extremely low. The probability is really not great, but not zero either.

For example, in Europe in the 60s, after several decades of mass vaccinations, a similar situation developed. A sharp decline the number of cases of diphtheria gave rise to a negligent attitude towards vaccinations among the population. The result is an outbreak of diphtheria. Since then, the vaccine has remained mandatory despite low case numbers.

What is the vaccine?

Tetanus shot side effects in adults

Vaccination against these diseases is most often done in a complex manner - with one vaccine, which contains two or more components: against diphtheria, tetanus, and serums against whooping cough, polio and other diseases can also be added to them.

Children under 5 years of age are vaccinated with DTP against whooping cough, tetanus and diphtheria. For older children and adults, the anti-pertussis component is not included. But it is this vaccine that most often causes complaints from parents and complaints about a large number of complications. We will return to complications later, but we should deal with tolerability.

Doctor vaccinating a boy

Neither tetanus nor diphtheria bacilli are contained in vaccines. By themselves, these bacteria are practically not dangerous to the body. The threat comes from the toxin they produce during their life. It is this toxin, but purified and safe, that is contained in the vaccine. After its introduction into the body, the immune system reacts as it does to any foreign component: recognize, remember, and produce antibodies. After a course of vaccination, a strong immunity to these toxins is formed in the body, and even if bacteria penetrate the body, the disease either will not begin at all, or will proceed in a mild form and without dangerous consequences.

But anti-pertussis serum contains living, albeit immobilized and weakened bacteria. It is because of this that DTP and similar vaccines most often cause adverse reactions.

What to do to keep your child safe? Not vaccinating at all is not an option. All of these diseases are extremely severe and potentially fatal. Option two:

• Properly prepare the child for vaccination and minimize theoretically possible risks and consequences. By the way, they are not so high - about 30% of children react to the vaccine.
• For an additional fee, purchase imported analogue vaccines that do not contain live whooping cough cultures.

Which option to choose is up to you. Both have the right to life.

In some cases, children under 5 years of age receive a lightweight ADS vaccination, but then they may be left without protection against whooping cough.

Is the tetanus and diphtheria vaccine dangerous?

DTP is the most popular vaccination against tetanus and diphtheria in Russia. It is distributed free of charge, so most often children and adults are vaccinated with this particular drug or related ones (for example, ADS). This vaccine is domestically produced, which in itself confuses many. An even greater effect is created by a large number negative reviews from parents. They note numerous adverse reactions, mistaking them for true complications.

In reality, everything is a little different. Temperature, redness, compaction at the injection site, anxiety - this is a normal, natural reaction of the body. And it indicates that the immune system has recognized the introduced substances and is fighting them.

Example: if after administration of the tularemia vaccine there is no local reaction, the vaccination is repeated. In this case, redness and inflammation are an indicator of the formation of immunity.

In the case of these serums, the lack of reaction does not require repetition. Approximately 70% of children have no adverse reactions or they are so minor that they do not attract the attention of parents.

Another factor that increases the number of negative reviews about vaccinations: they are scheduled to be given from 3 to 6 months. It is at this time that maternal antibodies to various microorganisms expire, and the child’s sensitivity to pathogenic viruses and bacteria increases. And the likelihood of meeting them at the clinic is much higher than during a regular walk. At the same time, teeth begin to erupt, causing anxiety, fever and a host of other manifestations.

Thus, often adverse reactions, unpleasant symptoms and illnesses after the administration of a vaccine are not a consequence, but a coincidence.

How to reduce the likelihood of side effects?

Requires a reduction in food intake 1 day before vaccination

So that the vaccine gives less unpleasant symptoms, doctors recommend correctly planning your actions before and after:

• The day before vaccination, reduce the amount of food: reduce the amount and concentration of the milk formula, reduce the feeding time. You should also feed less on the day of vaccination and the day after it.
• If possible, increase the amount of fluid consumed.
• According to WHO methods, contraindications to vaccination are quite few. Mild colds, diathesis, runny nose do not apply to them. But if the child showed anxiety on the eve of vaccination, it is better to postpone it for several days.
• The day before vaccination and the day before you can give antihistamine in standard dosage.
• If possible, you should go to the clinic with someone else. Long waits in hot, stuffy corridors may not have the best effect on the child’s condition. Therefore, while one person is waiting in line, the second person and the child are walking on the street nearby.
• After vaccination, you can give a prophylactic antipyretic drug. The standard recommendation - not to lower the temperature below 38.5 degrees - does not apply to this case. For the formation of immunity, an increase in temperature does not matter, so if it reaches 37.5 degrees, you can use an antipyretic.

Absolute contraindications include only allergic reactions to the components of the drug, as well as primary and secondary immunodeficiency.

If the next scheduled vaccine was difficult to tolerate, it is better to replace the next one with sera without live whooping cough cultures.

Normal adverse reactions after vaccination

Considering that the standard DTP vaccine causes side effects in 30 cases out of 100, you should know what they can look like and how to distinguish a normal reaction from a complication:

• Temperature increase. It can increase only in the first day after the vaccine. Otherwise, it is more likely to be caused by an infection not related to the vaccine. This temperature lasts no more than 2-3 days and rarely reaches 38.5 degrees.
• Local reaction. Pain, redness and swelling no more than 8 centimeters, induration no more than 4-5 centimeters in the place where the vaccine was administered. A lump may form.
• Anxiety, agitation, crying, or drowsiness, lethargy, apathy.
• Digestive disorders: diarrhea, loss of appetite, nausea.

What complications can there be?

It must be repeated once again: the vaccine itself against these two diseases is easily tolerated. Problems often appear due to the whooping cough component. Therefore, adults have nothing to worry about: after 5 years, she is excluded from the vaccine. But even with the use of standard DTP, the likelihood of complications is not too high:

• Temperature above 39 degrees – 1%.
• Prolonged continuous crying for more than 3 hours – 0.5%.
• Afibril convulsions (not associated with fever) – 0.05%.
• Persistent neuralgic disorders – 0.00001%.
• Impaired renal function – 2 cases described in the literature.
• Anaphylactic shock – probability is about 0.000001%.

A possible complication after vaccination is prolonged crying.

Thus, the likelihood of encountering these complications is quite low. It should be noted that when the diseases against which the vaccine is aimed appear, the chances of encountering these and many other complications are many times higher.

Of course, lack of immunity does not guarantee infection. But is it worth the risk? Everyone must decide for themselves.

When should you not get vaccinated?

All contraindications can be divided into 2 large groups: relative and absolute. In the first case, the vaccination is postponed, in the second, they replace it with another one or refuse it altogether.

Relative contraindications: fever, any acute illness, weight below 2.5 kg in newborns, recently completed a course of immunosuppressive therapy.

Absolute contraindications: immunodeficiency of any type, severe allergic reactions to vaccine components.

Since severe reactions are caused by the component of the vaccine against whooping cough, the standard DPT can be replaced with a lightweight DPT. Or parents can choose it with a drug of similar action, but without live cultures of whooping cough.

When is the vaccine given?

A person should receive diphtheria and tetanus vaccinations several times throughout his life. The standard recommended scheme looks like this:

• Vaccination of children in the first year of life: three vaccinations 45 days apart. Most often they begin to be done at 3 months.
• First revaccination at the age of 1.5 years.
• The second - at the age of 6-7 years.
• The third - at 14-15 years old.

After this, the vaccination must be repeated every 10 years for adults. After all, both tetanus and diphtheria are universal diseases that can be contracted at any age. IN childhood they are the most destructive, but adults can also die after infection.

To maintain the activity of the immune system, vaccination against tetanus and diphtheria must be repeated at 25, 35, 45, 55 years, respectively.

If a person was not vaccinated as a child or more than 10 years have passed since the last vaccination, then a full course is necessary. Adults are given several injections: at the time of treatment, after 1.5 months and after a year, respectively. The next one is done after a standard interval of 10 years.

How is the vaccination done?

The vaccine against these diseases is injected only into large, well-developed muscles in an area where there is no extensive fat layer. In order for the body’s correct reaction to form and the consequences to occur, the vaccine must be absorbed into the blood gradually, over 5-7 days.

Therefore, for children it is injected only into the thigh muscle, which is well developed even at the age of several months. Adults often choose the area under the shoulder blade. In some cases, the injection is given into the shoulder muscle. The gluteal region is not suitable: a developed fat layer increases the likelihood of the vaccine getting into the subcutaneous space, which can cause unpleasant consequences: the appearance of a lump, pain, swelling at the injection site.

We hope that we were able to answer your main questions, and now you have a better understanding of what these vaccinations are and why they are needed.

proinfekcii.ru

Vaccination against diphtheria and tetanus: consequences of consent and refusal of vaccination

Any vaccination against a disease is much weaker and less dangerous to health than diseases for a person who does not have immunity to them. Provided that those vaccinated do not belong to a group of people whose body is sensitive to any forms of life introduced from the outside.

Why is diphtheria dangerous for an unvaccinated person?

Today you rarely hear that someone in a city or town has diphtheria. This is largely facilitated by the order of the Ministry of Health on mandatory anti-diphtheria vaccination of the population. But it was not always so. Even at the beginning of the last century, the diagnosis of “diphtheria” was a terrible sentence for many sick people. If true croup, another name for toxic diphtheria, did not lead to the death of the patient due to the suffocation that occurs against the background of the disease, it significantly weakened the heart muscle, causing complications in the form of paresis and paralysis of the muscles, pneumonia.

Of course, during wide range antibiotics on pharmacy shelves, it is easier to fight diphtheria. However, a timely vaccination will resist the disease much more effectively and with fewer consequences for human health.

How does tetanus occur in a person without immunity?

The side effects of the tetanus-causing bacillus entering the body are no less “pleasant.” At first, tetanus causes a person to experience difficulty eating because... trismus occurs masticatory muscles. In severe cases, they do not even allow you to open your mouth. Due to the convulsions that engulf the patient’s body, it takes the shape of an arc - the person “lies”, in contact with the surface of the bed only with the back of the head and heels. In the process of straining the muscular frame, some patients experience compression fractures of the spine and ruptures muscle tissue.

If treatment is ineffective, the patient’s suffering is interrupted by death on the fifth day due to paralysis of the heart muscle and respiratory organs. Considering that there are quite a lot of bacteriums that cause tetanus in the soil, and even a small wound is enough for infection, for example, from a penetrating prick of a thistle thorn growing from a cow or horse “patty,” then the possibility of acquiring anti-tetanus immunity is a very humane way to protect yourself and loved ones from possible torment. In addition, it is unknown where fate will take you in the future and whether there will be a medical center in those places with anti-tetanus serum.

What are the side effects of diphtheria and tetanus vaccinations?

In most cases, those vaccinated against tetanus and diphtheria complain that the vaccine caused side effects:

• Slight increase in body temperature
• Swelling of the skin around the injection site and even slight soreness
• Unusual reactions from the uneven system - excitability or passivity, inhibited reaction
• Disorders of the gastrointestinal tract (loss of appetite, stool disorders, vomiting)

In rare cases, vaccination leads to severe migraine and severe swelling of the skin around the injection site.

0.9% of 100 thousand people vaccinated against tetanus and diphtheria experience minor seizures. And only in 0.1% of people out of 100 thousand, the vaccine that protects against tetanus and diphtheria can cause loss of consciousness. Compared with the 10% fatality rate out of 100 cases of tetanus, the vaccine and its consequences seem to be barely more serious than the inconvenience caused common runny nose.

Considering that vaccines are quite strong, side effects are considered by doctors to be a normal accompanying factor. To avoid excessive side effects, vaccination should be carried out in the most favorable conditions for the person, taking into account the state of his health on the day on which the vaccination is scheduled.

If vaccination with the regular tetanus and diphtheria vaccine is contraindicated

A vaccine that protects against tetanus or diphtheria can cause really severe discomfort and serious complications in:

• Allergy sufferers whose body reacts excessively to vaccine components (having identified the cause of the allergy, the most neutral vaccination is prescribed that protects against tetanus and diphtheria)
• People with health weakened by the fight against an acute viral, infectious or other disease (vaccination protecting against tetanus and diphtheria is prescribed no earlier than 3 weeks after the day full recovery)
• Carriers of HIV infection
• Persons suffering from diathesis or certain nervous diseases(vaccination protecting against tetanus and diphtheria is possible after an exacerbation period)
• Pregnant women

If you have the health problems listed above, the risks side effects which vaccination can lead to is reduced by using not a typical DTP vaccine, but monoanalogues: AC or AD-M. In some cases, ADS vaccination will help. It is difficult to understand the intricacies of vaccination on your own, but an experienced immunologist will always tell you which vaccination can be given if vaccination is allowed in principle.

• DTP is a complex vaccination that helps to obtain lasting immunity to whooping cough, diphtheria and tetanus.
• AS - vaccination to develop immunity to tetanus
• AD – vaccination to obtain immunity to diphtheria
• ADS - will only protect against diphtheria and tetanus - the vaccine is prescribed to people who have contraindications to vaccination against whooping cough.

Diphtheria and tetanus are two serious illnesses, which penetrate the human body in different ways, but vaccination to develop immunity is carried out in one period and usually with one vaccine. They were included in the list of mandatory vaccinations for the population due to serious consequences, life-threatening humans in direct contact with pathogens of diphtheria and tetanus.

Many young parents succumb to propaganda directed against any vaccination of children, and write a refusal from the first day the baby is born. Such a decision is legal and must be respected by society. But isn't it greater danger child in this refusal than in vaccination? Let's figure it out.

What are the dangers of diphtheria and tetanus for an unvaccinated person?

Before the advent of vaccines against serious viruses and bacteria, a person could die in a short time from a simple knife cut or scratch from a pet. Such consequences were associated with tetanus bacilli, which got into an open wound along with food, dirt and other particles. The rod quickly developed, entered the bloodstream and reached the nervous system. Within two or three days the person became ill:

• all muscles were stiff;
• convulsions appeared;
• suffocation ensued.

Having lost the ability to breathe, the person infected with tetanus died. Children were in the main risk group because they committed thoughtless actions. Contact with cats and dogs could end in disaster.

No less dangerous are the bacteria that cause diphtheria. They are transmitted by airborne droplets and affect the mucous membrane of the mouth, larynx, and tonsils. The symptoms are similar to a severe sore throat. The white deposits can cause swelling of the larynx, which can cause suffocation and death. Diphtheria is very difficult and leaves serious consequences, even if a person has overcome the disease.

Vaccination against tetanus and diphtheria has made it possible for children and adults to develop stable immunity to bacteria or to suffer a mild form of the disease without any health consequences. Vaccination of children and adults has significantly reduced the mortality rate of the population and reduced the possibility of epidemics.

What vaccines are used to inoculate against diphtheria and tetanus?

Serums with diphtheria or tetanus components are produced by imported and domestic manufacturers. These can be mono-vaccines or drugs containing components of other viruses and bacteria. For free vaccination, children and adults are vaccinated by a domestic manufacturer.

• The DTP vaccine contains components of whooping cough, diphtheria, and tetanus. Intended for children up to one and a half years old. Immunity is formed through three stages of vaccination and one revaccination.
• The ADS vaccine does not contain pertussis toxoid. It is prescribed to children after 6 years of age, when it is necessary to strengthen resistance against diphtheria and tetanus, because the body cannot maintain immunity for life. The same serum is administered to children under two years of age if there were serious side effects to the first vaccination. These effects are usually caused by the whooping cough component in the vaccine. ADS vaccination used for vaccination in adults every 10 years after the next immunization.
• AS or AD are drugs containing only tetanus or diphtheria components. Mono vaccination is possible in cases where there are adverse reactions to a specific component included in complex vaccines. Also used during an epidemic of a certain disease to avoid the consequences of direct contact with the diphtheria bacterium or tetanus bacillus. Can be used by adult girls during pregnancy.

If the child has no contraindications, then it is better to get a vaccination containing as many components of viruses and bacteria that are dangerous to humans as possible.

When and where to get vaccinated against tetanus and diphtheria

The timing and rules for vaccinating children and adults against diphtheria and tetanus are no different from other vaccinations.

If there are no contraindications, then the baby is given the first vaccination at three months. The effects of the vaccine may vary for each child. If there are no side effects to the first vaccination, then after a month or a month and a half, a second dose of the same serum is administered. Adverse reactions to the whooping cough component are a contraindication to the DTP drug. Then the second and third vaccination is done with ADS or ADS-m serum.

All subsequent stages of vaccination against tetanus and diphtheria are possible only with ADS:

• children aged 7, 17 years;
• for adults - at the age of 25–27 and every 10 years until retirement age.

Sometimes the immunization schedule changes. This may be caused by:

• individual reaction to the first or second vaccination;
• deferment for health reasons, temporary or permanent;
• parents’ refusal to vaccinate in childhood, but changing their decision at a certain point;
• personal desire of an adult who was not vaccinated by his parents;
• For adults, vaccination may be necessary due to their occupation, where there is a daily risk of contracting tetanus or diphtheria.

Then the vaccination is given according to the circumstances.

Injection site in children and adults

It is known that the serum must be absorbed into the blood for the reaction to take place properly. Rapid absorption occurs in muscle tissue, where there is no fat layer or is contained in a minimal amount. Therefore, the vaccine must be administered intramuscularly to both children and adults.

• In babies, the most developed muscle is the thigh, where the serum is injected. Correct injection does not cause side reactions in the form of a lump or strong compaction. This effect can only occur when the substance enters the fatty layer, where it is difficult for it to dissolve. The serum will take a very long time to dissolve, which will cause discomfort in the baby.
• Before school, the child is vaccinated in the shoulder or shoulder blade. The doctor decides where to give the injection physical condition the person being vaccinated. But usually the ADS vaccination is done in the upper muscle of the arm.
• For adults, the injection is given subcutaneously in the area of ​​the shoulder or shoulder blade.

The injection site should not be scratched or rubbed to avoid adverse local reactions in the form of redness, thickening, and suppuration. Can be washed with clean water without using detergents or washcloths.

Reactions after vaccination against tetanus and diphtheria

The main reactions to vaccination occur in infants. But they are normal and are not considered dangerous to the health and development of the baby. All symptoms disappear two to three days after vaccination. But any mother needs to know about them so as not to worry:

• local reaction in the area of ​​the injection, not reaching more than 10 cm in diameter and not having purulent formations;
• long sleep on the day of vaccination or later;
• decreased appetite, activity;
• increase in temperature, but no later than the third day after the day of vaccination;
• symptoms of a cold or viral disease, which pass quickly and without serious consequences;
• pain at the injection site, causing lameness or temporary numbness in the leg.

The mother’s actions these days should only be limited to a more sensitive attitude towards the baby, monitoring the situation and using medications for fever and allergies.

The baby returns to the previous rhythm of life after three days. Some children do not show any symptoms associated with tetanus and diphtheria vaccinations at all.

Having studied in detail the information about tetanus and diphtheria, it is easy to understand that vaccination is a reasonable decision for every educated and sensible person, since the consequences of direct contact with pathogens of dangerous diseases can be unpredictable.

Currently in the Russian Federation and countries former USSR Tetanus and diphtheria vaccination is used to prevent tetanus and diphtheria. The first “combined” vaccines against diphtheria and tetanus appeared in 1947-1949; Now DPT vaccines are recommended for use by WHO (World Health Organization), they are used by all countries. Attempts by some countries at various times to stop vaccinations against diphtheria and tetanus led to sharp increase patients, after which vaccinations were resumed. Diseases of diphtheria or tetanus always occur in acute form, the mortality rate is about 10-15%, the probability of death is very high in children under seven years of age.

Description of vaccines

Currently, the following vaccine options are certified and approved for use in the Russian Federation.

DPT is a vaccine consisting of a complex of components against diphtheria, tetanus and whooping cough (that is, it combines vaccinations against whooping cough, diphtheria, tetanus). This type of vaccine is produced by the Russian company DTP; Various imported options certified in the Russian Federation are also possible: Tetracok (France), D.T.KOK (France), Tritanrix-NV (Belgium). They are all exactly the same, except for Tritanrix, which also includes the hepatitis B vaccine. The main difference between vaccines is the price: the cheapest is Russian, the most expensive is Belgian. This vaccine (0.5 ml per dose) contains 30 international units of diphtheria toxoid, 40 (sometimes 60) international units of tetanus toxoid, 4 international units of pertussis vaccine and an immune response enhancer - aluminum hydroxide. Such large dosages of toxoid are used so that weak children's immunity was able to form a large number of “antibodies”.

ADS is a vaccine against tetanus and diphtheria. Manufactured in the Russian Federation, brand “ADS”; the French analogue “D.T.VAK” (France) is also certified in the Russian Federation. It is mainly used for vaccinating children with an increased allergic reaction or those who have contraindications to the use of the DPT vaccine.

ADS-M is a vaccine that has reduced content diphtheria and tetanus toxoids. It is given to children from the age of six and adults, every ten years from the date of the last vaccination. "ADS-M" is manufactured in the Russian Federation; There is also a French certified analogue - “Imovax D.T. Adult."

AS (T) - a vaccine to increase immunity against tetanus.

AD-M (D) - a vaccine to increase immunity against diphtheria.

Now in the Russian Federation, the most common one recommended by the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation is DTP.

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Introduction of vaccines and their effectiveness

All of the above vaccines help to build immunity in vaccinated people (the rate is close to 100%). Vaccination against diphtheria and tetanus creates a person's immunity for ten years, after which revaccination is required.

Vaccines DTP, ADS-M, AS, AD and their imported analogues are administered intramuscularly. In case of mistaken injection of the vaccine into the fatty subcutaneous layer, long-lasting and itchy lumps occur (resorption time can be several months), the duration of adverse reactions increases, the body does not receive part of the drug and, therefore, reduces its effectiveness. In case of accidental subcutaneous administration of the vaccine, it is recommended to repeat the vaccination.

Children under three years of age are vaccinated in the thigh muscle; for children over three years old, teenagers and adults - in the shoulder.

Administration of the drug to any location of the buttocks is not recommended due to the increased likelihood of mechanical damage to blood vessels, sciatic nerve. The buttocks contain a pronounced layer of subcutaneous fat, so getting the vaccine into this layer causes the serious complications described above, and the vaccination itself will lose its meaning.

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Contraindications for vaccination

Contraindications to DPT vaccines are:

• allergy to substances contained in the vaccine;
• various current diseases;
• immunodeficiency;
• nervous system disorders (pathologies);
• diathesis.

If the above contraindications exist, ADS vaccination is used for vaccination. It should not be injected in case of acute respiratory viral diseases, however, a slight runny nose, cough, or slight fever are not considered reasons for refusing vaccination. Convulsions that may occur after acute respiratory infections; allergic reactions (not to DTP components); taking antibiotics; For a child, allergies or other side effects from vaccination in parents are also not contraindications for vaccination.

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Side effects of the vaccine

Vaccinations against diphtheria and tetanus are more likely than others to cause adverse reactions. This is due to the presence of a large number of toxoids. Therefore, it is worth preparing a child for vaccination: two or three days before vaccination, you should start giving combined (anti-allergenic and antipyretic) drops (for example, “Fenistil”); however, they should continue to be used both on the day of vaccination and for another two to three days after. The introduction of anti-allergenic drugs allows you to reduce pain and swelling at the point of vaccination and prevent seizures, as well as develop and develop immunity, accordingly, vaccination will be most effective.

Two to three days before vaccination, you should consult a doctor to prevent undesirable consequences.

The average rate of reactions to DPT, ADS, ADS-M, AS, AD vaccines in terms of side effects is about 30%. These side effects may include:

• pain, swelling, redness at the injection site;
• temperature increase;
• high excitability/inhibition of reactions;
• disruption of the gastrointestinal tract.

One reaction or a combination of several of the above is not considered a serious consequence and does not require interruption of the vaccination course.

Severe side effects are:

• unbearable or prolonged headache;
• swelling more than eight centimeters in diameter at the punctured site.

In such cases, you should immediately consult a doctor. The vaccination course will, in most cases, be interrupted.

Diphtheria and tetanus vaccines may cause the following complications:

• convulsions in the absence of high fever (according to statistics, 90 cases out of 100,000);
• impairment of consciousness for a short period of time (according to statistics, 1 case out of 100,000).

If reactions occur later than a day after vaccination, then they are not considered reactions to the vaccination itself, including reactions that last more than a day. In order not to confuse the occurrence of an allergy to food and to a vaccine, it is recommended not to eat unfamiliar or allergenic foods 2-3 days before the injection and on the day of vaccination, especially for children (infants). In children, in addition, there is a possibility of an increase in temperature during teething. If a large number of vaccinated people develop severe complications, according to the laws of the Russian Federation, the series/batch of this vaccine must be recalled by the manufacturer.

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Vaccination course and vaccine storage

Vaccinations are carried out from early childhood. The first course of vaccination consists of three injections: one is given to the child at three months, the second - after forty-five days, the third - after another forty-five days. For normal healthy child DPT vaccine is used.

When conducting the first course of vaccinations at 3-6 years of age (according to medical conditions), the ADS vaccine is used. Vaccination is carried out similarly to vaccination at three months of age - three vaccinations, each forty-five days later.

For the next stage of vaccination, the DTP vaccine is used, which is injected 1 year after the last vaccination.

Schedule of subsequent revaccinations:

1. 7 years. ADS-M.
2. 14 years old. ADS-M.
3. 10 years after the last revaccination (i.e. 24, 34 years, etc.). ADS-M.

The vaccination at age seven or fourteen is usually given with the polio vaccine.

Vaccines DPT, ADS, ADS-M, AS, AD are stored at a temperature of +2...+8 oC (operating temperature of a conventional refrigerator). When vaccines are overcooled or overheated, aluminum hydroxide is destroyed. If sediment and/or particulate matter appears in the vaccine, it is considered unusable. Normal DPT vaccine is a clear liquid with a slight white tint (may be slightly cloudy).

DPT vaccination is one of the main ones in the national vaccination calendar. But what should you do if your child has serious complications from this vaccine? What to administer if the baby has already had whooping cough and has received lifelong immunity. Is it worth exposing his body to additional danger?

Below we will talk about an alternative option for DTP vaccination specifically for these groups of children. ADS - what kind of vaccine is this? What are its contraindications and indications, does it cause complications and adverse reactions? When and where to get this vaccination? Let's figure it out.

What kind of vaccine is ADS?

Interpretation of the ADS vaccination - diphtheria-tetanus adsorbed. This vaccine provides protection against two diseases - diphtheria and whooping cough. It is indicated for the following groups of patients:

• children who have had whooping cough;
• children with three years;
• vaccination of adults;
• persons who have serious negative effects after administration of DPT.

If a child had a pronounced reaction to the DTP vaccine, then most likely it arose to whooping cough antigens.

The ADS vaccine contains the following components:

• tetanus toxoid;
• diphtheria toxoid.

Accordingly, this vaccine protects against tetanus and diphtheria.

The manufacturer of the ADS vaccine is Russian company Microgen. The vaccine has no identical analogues. But ADS-M, a more weakened vaccine with the same composition, can be considered as such.

Instructions for vaccination

The ADF vaccination schedule in accordance with the national calendar is carried out differently depending on the situation. If ADS is a replacement for DPT, then it is administered twice with an interval of 45 days. In this case, revaccination is carried out once every year. The next administration of ADS is carried out at 6–7, and then at 14 years.

Children who have had whooping cough are given the ADS vaccine at any age instead of the DPT vaccine.

Adults can be given either ADS or ADS-M. To maintain permanent immunity, vaccination is done every 10 years.

If a child received a one-time injection of DTP, which caused serious side effects (encephalopathy, convulsions), then the next one is administered DTP once with an interval of 30 days. Revaccination is carried out after 9–12 months.

Only revaccination with DPT is possible after one to one and a half years, if the previous 3 vaccinations were done with DTP.

ADS vaccination in adults is done if injections were previously missed. In other cases, ADS-M is administered. Medical workers, teachers, sellers and other persons in contact with food, and kindergarten teachers are subject to mandatory vaccination.

ADS vaccination is contraindicated for pregnant women. If a woman wants to get vaccinated against tetanus and diphtheria, then this is allowed 45–60 days before planning a pregnancy.

Where is the vaccination given? The instructions for the ADS vaccine say that it is administered intramuscularly. The buttock and upper outer thigh area are recommended. Large muscles are more suitable for injection. For adults and children over 7 years of age, ADS can be administered subcutaneously into the subscapular region.

The drug can only be mixed and administered simultaneously with the polio vaccine.

Contraindications

Vaccination against diphtheria and tetanus has the following contraindications.

1. Individual intolerance. This also includes the occurrence of allergies during previous administrations of the drug.
2. ADS vaccination is contraindicated in patients with cancer subject to suppressed immune system and radiation therapy. And also for those suffering from epilepsy or seizures.
3. A contraindication for vaccination against diphtheria and tetanus is an acute illness, such as a cold, or an exacerbation of a chronic illness.
4. If a person suffers from tuberculosis, hepatitis or meningitis, then vaccination with ADS can be carried out only a year after treatment.
5. You need to wait 2 months with the vaccine if you have had another vaccine. This may increase the risk of side effects.

How to prepare for vaccination

The risk of severe complications from whooping cough after DTP is much higher than from the DTP vaccine, which does not have this component. Therefore, the decision about which vaccine to give for vaccinating children who have not been ill should be made only by a doctor. Severe consequences of ADS vaccination occur in less than 0.3% of cases. While almost half of those sick die from tetanus.

To minimize risk possible complications, the child must be examined by a pediatrician before vaccination and on the day of administration. The temperature is measured. It is advisable to donate blood and urine for a general analysis in advance. If you have problems with neurology, you should definitely see a specialist. Together with him, weigh the pros and cons, and if necessary, obtain an exemption from vaccination.

But still, the decision whether to vaccinate with ADS or not is made by parents. But vaccination should not be canceled just because it is fashionable. The reason “I'm afraid” is also not suitable. The consequences of diphtheria and tetanus are much worse. There must be real contraindications for medical withdrawal, clinically and laboratory justified.

Reaction to ADS vaccination

The absence of the pertussis component greatly improves the tolerability of the ADS vaccination, since it has the greatest reactogenicity (the body's reaction to foreign agents).

Statistics show that side effects after this vaccination occur much less frequently than after DPT. But they still exist.

The most common, as with most vaccinations, are local reactions. The child may be bothered by redness, swelling, induration, or pain at the injection site. They go away on their own within 2-3 days. Typically, no assistance is required. But if the lump really bothers the child, then it is recommended to apply warm lotions so that it dissolves faster. Painful sensations at the injection site can be relieved with half the dose of an antipyretic drug. In this case, it will act as a pain reliever. Motor activity and light massage will also help the infiltrate disappear faster.

Another possible reaction to ADS vaccination is an increase in temperature. This is the second most common complication. It usually occurs on the day of injection. Can last up to three days. If the temperature is below 37.5 °C, it is not worth reducing it. And if it is higher, you can give a single dose of an antipyretic and drink plenty of fluids. Temperature after ADS vaccination is a protective reaction and its occurrence is quite natural.

Most often, such reactions occur in infants. ADS vaccination at 6 years of age is well tolerated. There are practically no side effects at this age.

In rare cases, they were still observed severe complications after vaccination with ADS, such as convulsions, encephalopathy, neurological disorders in the form of prolonged continuous crying, collapse and loss of consciousness. If you suspect these conditions, you should urgently call an ambulance.

An allergic reaction cannot be ruled out. It can occur either as a rash or anaphylactic shock or Quincke's edema. These side effects occur in the first minutes after the injection, so it is not recommended to leave the clinic area for about 20–30 minutes.
How to vaccinate if serious complications arise after ADS vaccination? In this case, ADS-M is recommended.

What to do after vaccination with ADS

Is it possible to wash after getting a diphtheria and tetanus vaccination? Even taking into account that adverse reactions occur rarely, it is not recommended to wet the vaccine for 24 hours. It is not advisable to visit baths and saunas, or take hot baths, as they can reduce immunity.

How to behave after administration of ADS? A gentle regime is recommended. It is advisable not to swim, walk or overeat. Frequent breastfeeding is recommended for infants. Hypothermia and drafts also pose a danger; they can reduce immunity, and if a cold occurs, the risk of adverse reactions increases several times.

Let's summarize. ADS is a vaccine that creates immunity in the human body against tetanus and diphtheria. It contains only pathogen toxoids. But it is they who cause the clinic and the terrible consequences of these diseases. The introduction of this vaccine is justified if the child has suffered from whooping cough or had a strong reaction to previous administrations of DPT. It is also administered for revaccination to children after three years of age, since whooping cough is already excluded in them. Adults are given the vaccine less frequently. Preference is given to ADS-M.

The adsorbed vaccine against tetanus and diphtheria is better tolerated than analogues with a pertussis component. Complications are represented by reactions typical for most vaccinations: local redness, soreness, increased body temperature. The vaccination does not pose a great danger and is recommended for all eligible persons.

Over the past decades, routine vaccination has been virtually uncontrolled by the state, so many people prefer not to carry it out. Some diseases, including tetanus and diphtheria, are very rare. For this reason, infection with them seems impossible, and people neglect prevention.

Do I need to be vaccinated against diphtheria and tetanus?

Opinions on vaccination are divided. Most qualified specialists insist on the need to perform it, but there are also adherents of the naturalistic theory who believe that the immune system is able to cope with infections on its own. The parents of the child or the patient himself, if he is already an adult, decide whether to be vaccinated against diphtheria and tetanus.

The likelihood of contracting these diseases is very low due to improved sanitary and hygienic living conditions and herd immunity. The latter was formed because vaccination against diphtheria and tetanus was widely used for many decades. The number of people with antibodies to infection exceeds the population without them, this prevents the occurrence of epidemics.

How dangerous are diphtheria and tetanus?

The first pathology indicated is a highly contagious bacterial infection, which is provoked by Loeffler's bacillus. The diphtheria bacillus releases a large amount of toxins that cause the growth of dense films in the oropharynx and bronchi. This leads to obstruction respiratory tract and croup, rapidly progressing (15-30 minutes) to asphyxia. Without emergency assistance, death from suffocation occurs.

You cannot become infected with tetanus. The causative agent of acute bacterial disease(Clostridium tetani bacillus) enters the body by contact, through deep damage to the skin, forming a wound without access to oxygen. The main thing that tetanus is dangerous for humans is death. Clostridium tetani produces a potent toxin that causes severe convulsions and paralysis of the heart muscle and respiratory organs.

Vaccination against diphtheria and tetanus - consequences

Unpleasant symptoms after the introduction of a prophylactic drug are the norm, not a pathology. Tetanus and diphtheria vaccine (TDV) does not contain live pathogenic bacteria. It contains only their purified toxins in minimal concentrations sufficient to begin the formation of immunity. There is not a single proven fact of the occurrence of dangerous consequences when using ADS.

Vaccination against diphtheria and tetanus - contraindications

There are cases when vaccination should simply be postponed, and situations in which it will have to be abandoned. Vaccination against diphtheria and tetanus is tolerated if:

• the person has been ill with tuberculosis, hepatitis, meningitis for a year;
• less than 2 months have passed since the introduction of any other vaccine;
• immunosuppressive therapy is carried out;
• The patient has an acute respiratory infection, acute respiratory viral infection, or a relapse of a chronic disease.

It is necessary to exclude the use of ADS if you are intolerant to any components of the drug and have immunodeficiency. Ignoring medical recommendations will lead to the fact that after vaccination with diphtheria-tetanus, the body will not be able to produce enough antibodies to neutralize toxins. For this reason, before the procedure, it is important to consult with a therapist and make sure there are no contraindications.

Types of vaccines for diphtheria and tetanus

Vaccinations differ in the active ingredients they contain. There are medications only for diphtheria and tetanus, and complex solutions that additionally protect against whooping cough, polio and other pathologies. Multicomponent injections are indicated for administration to children and those adults who are vaccinated for the first time. In public clinics, one targeted vaccine against tetanus and diphtheria is used - the name ADS or ADS-m. The imported analogue is Diftet Dt. For children and unvaccinated adults, DPT or its complex synonyms are recommended:

• Priorix;
• Infanrix;
• Pentaxim.

How is the diphtheria and tetanus vaccine given?

Lifelong immunity to the diseases described is not formed, even if a person has had them. The concentration of antibodies in the blood to dangerous bacterial toxins gradually decreases. For this reason, the tetanus and diphtheria vaccine is repeated at regular intervals. If you miss scheduled prophylaxis, you will have to follow the scheme for the initial administration of medications.

Vaccination against tetanus and diphtheria - when is it done?

Vaccination is carried out throughout a person’s life, starting from infancy. The first vaccination against diphtheria and tetanus is given at 3 months, after which it is repeated twice more every 45 days. The following revaccinations are carried out at this age:

• 1.5 years;
• 6-7 years;
• 14-15 years old.

For adults, diphtheria and tetanus vaccinations are repeated every 10 years. To maintain the activity of the immune system against these diseases, doctors recommend revaccination at 25, 35, 45 and 55 years of age. If more than the allotted period has passed since the last administration of the medication, it is necessary to make 3 consecutive injections, similar to the age of 3 months.

How to prepare for vaccination?

No special measures are required before vaccination. Primary or routine vaccination against diphtheria and tetanus for children is carried out after a preliminary examination by a pediatrician or therapist, measurement of body temperature and pressure. At the doctor's discretion, surrender general tests blood, urine and feces. If all physiological indicators are normal, the vaccine is administered.

Diphtheria and tetanus - vaccination, where do they do it?

For proper absorption of the solution by the body and activation of the immune system, the injection is made into a well-developed muscle without a large amount of fatty tissue around, so the buttocks are not suitable in this case. For babies, the injection is given mainly in the thigh. Adults are vaccinated against tetanus and diphtheria under the shoulder blade. Less commonly, the injection is performed in brachialis muscle, provided that it is of sufficient size and development.

Diphtheria and tetanus vaccination - side effects

Negative symptoms after administration of the presented vaccine are very rare; in most situations it is well tolerated. Vaccination of children against diphtheria and tetanus is sometimes accompanied by local reactions in the injection area:

• redness of the epidermis;
• swelling in the area where the drug was administered;
• compaction under the skin;
• slight soreness;
• increased body temperature;
• profuse sweating;
• runny nose;
• dermatitis;
• cough;
• otitis.

The listed problems disappear on their own within 1-3 days. To alleviate the condition, you can consult a doctor about symptomatic treatment. Adults experience a similar reaction to the diphtheria-tetanus vaccine, but additional side effects may occur:

• headache;
• lethargy;
• drowsiness;
• loss of appetite;
• bowel disorders;
• nausea and vomiting.

Diphtheria-tetanus vaccination - complications after vaccination

The above negative phenomena are considered a variant of the normal response of the immune system to the introduction of bacterial toxins. A high temperature after vaccination against tetanus and diphtheria does not indicate inflammatory process, and the release of antibodies to pathogenic substances. Serious and dangerous consequences occur only in cases where the rules for preparing for the use of the vaccine or recommendations for the recovery period were not followed.

How many days after DPT vaccinations can you walk with your child? Can a reaction to a flu shot occur within a week?
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Thank you

The site provides reference information for informational purposes only. Diagnosis and treatment of diseases must be carried out under the supervision of a specialist. All drugs have contraindications. Consultation with a specialist is required!

To date graft from diphtheria represents the introduction not of the causative agent of the disease itself, but of its toxin. This diphtheria toxoid causes a specific reaction of the immune system, during which special substances are produced - antitoxins. It is antitoxins that ensure subsequent immunity of a person to diphtheria infection. History of mass application vaccines against diphtheria dates back to 1974, when the World Health Organization began implementing the Expanded Program on Immunization. Over the past almost 40 years, in countries where the population was massively vaccinated against diphtheria in childhood, it was possible to reduce the incidence of this infection by 90%. Antitoxins remain in the body after vaccination and are effective protective effect for approximately 10 years.

Diphtheria vaccination

Diphtheria vaccination will help protect adults and children from dangerous infectious disease which is called Corynebacterium diphtheriae. In the development of infection, the key role is played not by the microorganism itself, but by the toxin it secretes in the human body. The main manifestation of diphtheria is the formation of dense films that form on the mucous membranes of the throat, nasopharynx or intestines. These films cannot be removed, and if they are forcibly torn off, ulcerative-necrotic lesions of the mucous membrane will open. The course of the infection is extremely severe. If serum is not used for treatment in combination with antibiotics, then mortality among children reaches 50–70% of cases.

The mortality rate is especially high among sick children, so they are vaccinated against diphtheria from the very beginning. early age. In Russia, vaccination against diphtheria is given from the age of three months, and is a complex vaccine - DTP, which is also intended to develop immunity to tetanus and whooping cough. If a person was not vaccinated against diphtheria as a child, then an adult should do so. Adults also need protection from diphtheria because their susceptibility to infection is no less than that of children, as is the course of the disease and mortality. To form full protection against this disease, it is necessary to administer several doses of the vaccine in order to develop a sufficient amount of antitoxin.

After a full course of diphtheria vaccinations (three pieces), a person acquires immunity, which has a limited duration. Increasing the period of immunity of the body to this infection is achieved by introducing additional doses of the vaccine, which are called booster. Such booster doses are administered a year later (at 1.5 years) after a full course of three vaccinations against diphtheria, then at primary school age (at 6–7 years), after which it is enough to renew your immunity to infection once every ten years.

Today, two types of vaccines against diphtheria are produced - with a preservative (thiomersal) and without it. Vaccines with a preservative are usually ampoules containing a certain volume of the drug, sufficient for several doses. Preservative-free vaccines are dispensed into disposable, ready-to-use syringes that contain only one dose of the drug. Such drugs have a limited shelf life and a significantly lower risk of side effects. Any vaccine preparation against diphtheria should be stored in a certain temperature conditions– from 2 to 4 o C, without freezing. If these storage conditions are violated, the vaccine cannot be used.

Today, the diphtheria vaccine is practically not used in its isolated form. Typically, the diphtheria vaccine is administered in combination with antitetanus (tetanus) and antipertussis (DTP) components.

Vaccination against tetanus and diphtheria

The most commonly used combination of toxoids in a complex vaccine (ADV) is tetanus and diphtheria components. ADS is used for children and adults, both for the primary course of vaccinations and as booster doses necessary to maintain previously formed immunity. Children are usually given a vaccine with a pertussis component (DTP), but if they are intolerant to the pertussis component, ADS is used. Adults and children over 4 years of age are given only ADS, since whooping cough is no longer dangerous for them, but diphtheria and tetanus still require active immunoprophylaxis.

The combination of diphtheria and tetanus toxoids in one vaccine is justified, since both components require a special substance - aluminum hydroxide, onto which they are adsorbed. On the other hand, the schedules for administering vaccinations against diphtheria and tetanus separately are completely the same, which makes it possible to administer these vaccines simultaneously. The timing of revaccination against tetanus and diphtheria is also the same. Due to the development of industry, it has become possible to place two components in one drug, which makes it possible to administer one vaccine that will protect against two infections at once. One vaccine against two infections means that the number of injections is reduced by exactly half.

Diphtheria and polio vaccine

Only the drug Tetracok can protect against diphtheria and polio at the same time. Tetracoc contains components against diphtheria, tetanus and whooping cough. The vaccine is purified and therefore minimally reactogenic. In addition, Tetracoc contains an inactivated polio component, which can never cause vaccine-associated polio, unlike the live oral vaccine (oral drops). To create full immunity of the child’s body against all four infections - diphtheria, tetanus, whooping cough and polio, a complex of four doses of Tetracoc is required. The drug can be used to vaccinate children, instead of using two vaccines - DTP and against polio (in the form of drops in the mouth).

Should I be vaccinated against diphtheria?

The answer to the question “should I be vaccinated against diphtheria?” is a personal matter for each person. To make the right decision, you should put aside your emotions and, under the influence of an exceptionally cold mind, weigh all the pros and cons.

The diphtheria vaccine protects a person from an infectious disease that has killed thousands of children over the centuries. Fatal outcome from diphtheria is caused by blockage of the respiratory tract of a child or adult by specific films formed on the mucous membranes during the course of the infection. With the rapid progression of diphtheria, films are formed in large quantities and clog the airways. In this case, in the absence of emergency assistance, death occurs.

Blockage of the respiratory tract with diphtheritic films can occur within a very short period of time - from 15 to 30 minutes, during which it is not always possible to simply get to the hospital. Emergency help in such a situation, a tracheostomy is performed - a hole is made in the larynx, a tube is inserted into it, through which the person breathes. At this time, diphtheritic films are removed if possible and sucked out with special devices.

At the end of the 19th century, diphtheria epidemics claimed the lives of approximately half of those affected. But after the First World War, diphtheria antitoxin was invented - specially prepared immunobiological drug, like an antidote, which allowed to cure up to 90% of the sick. Today, the disease is treated with antitoxin and antibiotics. Antitoxin relieves the manifestations and further progression of the infection, and antibiotics suppress the proliferation of bacteria that cause the disease.

A sick person is also dangerous because he is a source of infection for others. Moreover, such asymptomatic carriage and fairly high infectiousness to others persists even after clinical recovery. The bacterium that causes diphtheria can only live in the human body. Therefore, when the percentage of vaccinated people in a population is high, the infection simply stops circulating - it can be eliminated, as was done with smallpox.

After recovery, immunity may or may not develop. This depends on the individual properties of the human immune system. Therefore, experiencing diphtheria as a full-fledged disease does not at all guarantee a person subsequent immunity to this dangerous infection. But a consistent series of four doses of the vaccine allows one to develop immunity to infection, which has been convincingly proven in developed countries, where almost 98% of the population has been vaccinated, and diphtheria is a rarity.

Vaccination against diphtheria is very easy to tolerate and almost never causes serious complications. Due to the danger of the infection itself, and the high effectiveness and safety of the vaccine, there is an opinion that it is still worth getting vaccinated.

Diphtheria vaccination for adults

An adult can be vaccinated against diphtheria again if he has not been vaccinated previously. If in childhood a person received a full course of vaccinations against this disease, then adults should receive one dose of the vaccine every 10 years to activate and maintain immunity to infection. Such revaccination of adults vaccinated in childhood is carried out at the ages of 18 - 27, 28 - 37, 38 - 47, 48 - 57 and over 58 years, according to the order of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation N 174 of May 17, 1999.

If an adult has not previously been vaccinated against diphtheria, then he needs to receive three doses of the vaccine to develop immunity. The first two are administered with a break of 1 month between them, and the third - a year after the second. Then 10 years are counted from the third vaccination, after which revaccination is carried out with one dose of the drug.

Adults should be revaccinated against diphtheria, since this infection is dangerous at any age, which makes it necessary to maintain immunity to the disease. IN mandatory Vaccination is carried out for students, military personnel, construction industry workers, diggers, railway workers, as well as all adults living in a region where the epidemiological situation for diphtheria is not favorable. Adults receive the ADS-m, AD-m, Imovax or Adyult vaccination, which is also a revaccination against tetanus.

Immunization of children

Children are vaccinated against diphtheria with a complex vaccine - DTP, which also contains antitetanus and antipertussis components. In case of intolerance to the anti-pertussis component in the DPT vaccine, vaccination in children is carried out only for tetanus and diphtheria with DPT preparations. Vaccination against diphtheria includes the mandatory administration of five doses of the vaccine preparation within the following periods:
1. At 3 months.
2. At 4.5 months.
3. At 6 months.
4. At 1.5 years.
5. At 6–7 years old.

To develop full immunity to diphtheria, it is sufficient to administer three doses of the vaccine, with an interval of 30 to 45 days between injections. But the peculiarities of the functioning of the immune system of children lead to the need to maintain this immunity to infection by administering booster doses at 1.5 years and at 6–7 years. After the last booster dose at 6–7 years of age, immunity to diphtheria persists for 10 years. Thus, the first revaccination is necessary only at 15–16 years of age. After 16 years of age, revaccination is carried out only once every 10 years, counting from the last vaccination.

Diphtheria vaccination and pregnancy

Pregnant women cannot receive live vaccines because there is a risk of infection in the baby. Live vaccines include measles, mumps, rubella, chickenpox and polio. As for the diphtheria vaccine, they contain only toxoid. Diphtheria and tetanus vaccines, according to the recommendations of the World Health Organization, can be freely administered to pregnant women for the purpose of immunization against dangerous infections. Pregnancy is not a contraindication or obstacle to revaccination against diphtheria if 10 years have passed since the last vaccination.

If a pregnant woman has not previously been fully vaccinated against diphtheria, the World Health Organization recommends a course of three vaccinations during pregnancy so that the newborn child has antibodies during the first months of life. Due to the lack of objective data and observations, it is not recommended to administer vaccine preparations only before 12 weeks of pregnancy, and from the 13th week, diphtheria vaccinations do not pose a danger to the fetus.

It is best, of course, to plan your pregnancy and get all the vaccinations in advance. In this case, after immunization against diphtheria, one month must pass before conception so that the drug does not have any effect. negative influence on fetal development.

Vaccination schedule

According to National calendar vaccinations, the following dates for vaccination of children and adolescents against diphtheria have been adopted in Russia:
1. 3 months.
2. 4.5 months.
3. Six months (6 months).
4. 1.5 years (18 months).
5. 6 – 7 years old.
6. 16 years.

This vaccination schedule is carried out if the child has no contraindications to vaccination. Vaccination at 16 years of age is considered the first revaccination, which subsequently should be carried out once every 10 years. That is, the next vaccination against diphtheria must be given at 26 years old, then at 36, 46, 56, 66, 76, etc.

If a child aged from one to 7 years has not been vaccinated against diphtheria, then when the opportunity arises, vaccination is recommended to be carried out according to following diagram: two doses are administered with a 2-month interval between them, then the third six months to a year after the second. Adults who have not previously received the diphtheria vaccine are also vaccinated according to the same scheme. You can start an immunization cycle at any age if a person has no contraindications. In this case, after the last vaccination, immunity against infection remains for 10 years, after which it is necessary to carry out reimmunization by administering one dose of the drug. All subsequent reimmunizations are carried out 10 years after the last one. Even if more than 10 years have passed since the last vaccination, in order to re-induce immunity to infection, it is enough to administer only one dose of the drug.

Where is the vaccine injection given?

The vaccine must be placed in a muscle, so the vaccine should be injected into the thigh or under the shoulder blade. The choice of injection site is determined by the fact that on the thigh and under the shoulder blade muscle layer fits close to the skin, and the thickness of the subcutaneous tissue is minimal. It is necessary that the drug gets into the muscle - then the effect will be maximum and the severity of the reactions will be minimal.

Where is immunization carried out?

Diphtheria vaccination is available at any public clinic, special vaccination centers or hospital departments. If a person is likely to develop a severe reaction (for example, an allergy), then it is best to administer the vaccine in a hospital setting. In all other cases, you can get vaccinated in outpatient setting– at a clinic or vaccination center.

IN government institutions drugs are available that are purchased by the state, and they are free for the patient, and vaccinations can be given at vaccination centers imported vaccine, which costs significantly more. If you wish, you can buy a certain drug at a pharmacy, and then go to the vaccination office of a clinic or vaccination center so that a medical worker can simply do intramuscular injection. If you buy the vaccine yourself at a pharmacy, take care in advance of the proper conditions for transporting and storing the drug.

Is diphtheria vaccination required?

In our country, according to the Law of the Russian Federation “On Immunoprophylaxis of Infectious Diseases” dated July 17, 1998, Articles No. 5 and No. 11, a person has the right to refuse preventive vaccinations, including against diphtheria. However, according to the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation N 825 of July 15, 1999 “On approval of the list of works, the performance of which is associated with a high risk of disease infectious diseases and requires mandatory preventive vaccinations", immunization against diphtheria is mandatory for people working in the following sectors of the national economy:
1. Agricultural, drainage, construction and other work on excavation and movement of soil, procurement, fishing, geological, survey, expedition, deratization and disinfestation work in areas unfavorable for infections common to humans and animals.
2. Work on logging, clearing and improvement of forests, areas of health and recreation for the population in areas unfavorable for infections common to humans and animals.
3. Work in organizations for the procurement, storage, processing of raw materials and livestock products obtained from farms affected by infections common to humans and animals.
4. Work on the procurement, storage and processing of agricultural products in areas unfavorable for infections common to humans and animals.
5. Work on the slaughter of livestock suffering from infections common to humans and animals, the procurement and processing of meat and meat products obtained from it.
6. Work related to animal care and maintenance of livestock facilities in livestock farms that are vulnerable to infections common to humans and animals.
7. Work on catching and keeping stray animals.
8. Maintenance work on sewerage structures, equipment and networks.
9. Working with patients with infectious diseases.
10. Work with live cultures of infectious disease pathogens.
11. Work with human blood and biological fluids.
12. Work in all types and types of educational institutions.

All these people are vaccinated at the expense of the state budget, and it is free for the person.

Despite this order, a person may refuse in writing a preventive vaccination against diphtheria. But in this case, a person may not be allowed to work or study during a period of epidemic or threat of an outbreak of infection.

After vaccination against diphtheria

After vaccination against diphtheria, local reactions most often develop, that is, various symptoms at the injection site. The likelihood of developing these local reactions slightly increases when a vaccine containing anti-diphtheria and anti-tetanus components (ADS) is administered compared to a drug against diphtheria (AD) only.

After vaccination against diphtheria, you should follow a number of rules that will help reduce the severity of post-vaccination reactions. Firstly, the vaccine can only be given against a background of complete health, on an empty stomach and after bowel movement. Try to minimize the time you spend inside the clinic to avoid contracting a cold or ARVI.

After the procedure, try to stay at home for several days so that you can lie down in a calm environment. For 2 – 3 days, observe a semi-starvation regime with plenty of warm liquid intake. Do not eat any exotic or unfamiliar foods, avoid salty, spicy, sweet, spicy, etc. Also, for 7 days you cannot visit a bathhouse, sauna, swimming pool, go on hiking trips, participate in competitions and visit places with large crowds of people (cafes, theaters, cinemas, etc.).

Diphtheria vaccination and alcohol. After vaccination against diphtheria, you must refrain from drinking alcohol for three days.

Is it possible to wash after diphtheria vaccination and wet the injection site? In general, there are contraindications to water procedures No. However, you should not take a too hot bath with foam or salt, so as not to develop irritation on the skin at the injection site. Also, when washing, do not rub the injection site with a washcloth. Otherwise, the injection site can be wetted.

Reaction to the vaccine

Vaccine reactions are normal occurrence, and not pathology. Symptoms of post-vaccination reactions can be unpleasant, but they go away on their own and without leaving a trace, without causing problems with human health. Diphtheritic vaccine belongs to the class of low-reactogenic, that is, it very rarely causes reactions. The most common local reactions are at the injection site. It is also possible to have a fever, lethargy, drowsiness, general malaise and slight fatigue, which disappear within a few days (maximum of a week). Let's take a closer look at the most common reactions to diphtheria vaccination:

The diphtheria vaccine hurts. Since local inflammation forms at the site of vaccine injection, which is always accompanied by pain, such a reaction is quite natural. The pain will persist as long as there is inflammation. And the inflammation will persist until all the drug is absorbed - usually this takes up to 7 days. If the pain is too annoying, you can take non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (for example, ibuprofen, imesulide, or regular Analgin).

The diphtheria vaccine is swollen. Swelling of the injection site is also due to the presence of local inflammation, and will persist until all the drug is absorbed into the blood. If the swelling does not hurt or cause discomfort, leave it alone - it will go away within a week.

Lump after diphtheria vaccination. The formation of a lump is due to the vaccine preparation entering the subcutaneous tissue rather than into the muscle. In such a situation, the drug forms a depot and is slowly washed out into the blood, which is manifested by the formation of a lump at the injection site. Treatments this state does not require, but the formation will have to wait at least a month for resorption. During this period of time, carefully observe the hygiene of the injection site so as not to accidentally introduce an infection, since in this case suppuration is possible.

Temperature after diphtheria vaccination. If the temperature rises immediately or within 24 hours after the injection, then this is a normal reaction of the body. Since temperature does not help in any way to develop immunity to diphtheria, it makes no sense to endure it. It can be reduced with conventional antipyretic drugs based on paracetamol or ibuprofen. If the temperature rises after two or more days, then this is a symptom of a completely different disease, and this condition has nothing to do with vaccination. You should consult a doctor to find out the causes of the temperature.

Side effects of the diphtheria vaccine

Diphtheria vaccination is one of the safest in terms of side effects. To date, not a single case of the development of anaphylactic shock, eczema or diathesis has been identified. It is precisely such cases that are classified as complications.

Contraindications

An absolute contraindication to diphtheria vaccination is only the presence of severe allergic reaction on vaccine components. In this case, the vaccine can never be given. Temporary vaccination should not be given against a background of fever, acute period diseases or allergies, and after the condition has normalized, immunization can be done without fear.

Refusal of diphtheria vaccination

Every person has the right to refuse diphtheria vaccination. Your refusal must be formalized in writing, and the application must be submitted to the head of the institution (clinic, school, kindergarten, etc.). The statement of refusal to vaccinate must contain a legal justification for your step, as well as a signature with an explanation and date. An example of writing a refusal to get vaccinated against diphtheria is presented below:

Features of vaccination

Pros and cons

• agricultural;
• construction;
• irrigation;
• procurement;
• geological;
• fishing;
• exploration;
• expeditionary;
• animal care;
• medicine;
• education.

Contraindications

• presence of eczema;
• if the child has diathesis.

Reaction to vaccination

• lethargy;
• general malaise;
• drowsiness;

Complications

Diphtheria vaccination: features, contraindications, side effects

If the serum is not administered on time, the mortality rate is 70 cases out of 100. Therefore, diphtheria vaccination is given to children from the age of three months in the form of a complex vaccine - DTP, which at the same time protects against tetanus and whooping cough. In its isolated form, anti-diphtheria vaccination is used extremely rarely today.

Vaccination against diphtheria and tetanus

• both components (anti-diphtheria and anti-tetanus) require the same active substance - aluminum hydroxide;
• vaccination calendars, schedules, and timing of vaccination against these diseases (if taken separately) coincide, which makes it possible to administer these vaccines simultaneously;
• The current level of industrial development makes it possible to place these two components into one drug, which means the number of injections for children is halved.

In any case, it is convenient for doctors, parents, and children themselves that one vaccination provides protection against two dangerous infections at once. Accordingly, the reaction of a small organism to vaccination and its side effects can only be experienced once instead of twice.

Features of vaccination

Doctors should inform parents in advance when diphtheria vaccination is given and how to prepare for the upcoming vaccination. It is carried out in accordance with the generally accepted vaccination calendar:

The second question that parents always worry about before this procedure is where children are vaccinated against diphtheria. This requires a muscle, so it is recommended to inject under the shoulder blade or into the thigh, where the thickness of the skin is not great, which means the vaccine will reach its final goal faster.

Pros and cons

• the risk of infection is minimal;
• even if a child gets sick with diphtheria, but is vaccinated against it, the course of the disease will be rapid, the form will be mild, recovery will not be long in coming;
• when your child grows up, he may not be hired due to his lack of medical card information about this vaccination.

Moreover, the list of jobs for which vaccination against diphtheria is mandatory is quite impressive:

• agricultural;
• construction;
• irrigation;
• procurement;
• geological;
• fishing;
• exploration;
• expeditionary;
• animal care;
• maintenance of sewerage facilities;
• medicine;
• education.

Contraindications

• at acute course any disease;
• if there heat;
• if you are taking potent medications;
• presence of eczema;
• if the child has diathesis.

If individual intolerance or these factors were not identified in time, only in this case can one expect any side effects after vaccination against diphtheria. In all other cases, the reaction to this vaccination does not go beyond the norm.

Reaction to vaccination

• local reaction: redness skin;
• lethargy;
• general malaise;
• drowsiness;
• if the diphtheria vaccine hurts, you don’t need to be afraid: inflammation forms at the injection site, which can be accompanied by pain, so this reaction is natural for a whole week after vaccination;
• a slight swelling at the injection site can also last for a week until the drug is completely absorbed into the blood;
• the formation of a lump is a consequence of the fact that the vaccine preparation did not get into the muscle, but into the fiber under the skin: there is nothing wrong with that, but this neoplasm will take quite a long time to dissolve - over the course of a month;
• if a child has a fever within two days after vaccination, it can be brought down with antipyretics; usually it does not last too long and is not extremely high.

Complications

All the consequences of diphtheria vaccination can hardly be called complications, since, firstly, they are very rare, and secondly, they do not cause significant harm to the child’s health. These include:

There are a number of conclusions about the harm washing cosmetics. Unfortunately, not all new mothers listen to them. 97% of shampoos use dangerous substance Sodium Lauryl Sulfate (SLS) or its analogues. Many articles have been written about the effects of this chemistry on the health of both children and adults. At the request of our readers, we tested the most popular brands.

If you doubt the naturalness of your cosmetics, check the expiration date; it should not exceed 10 months. Be careful when choosing cosmetics, this is important for you and your child.

Any copying is prohibited without permission from the administration.

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Diphtheria vaccination - types of vaccines, procedure, reactions and side effects

Diphtheria vaccination

Vaccination against tetanus and diphtheria

Diphtheria and polio vaccine

Should I be vaccinated against diphtheria?

Diphtheria vaccination for adults

Immunization of children

Diphtheria vaccination and pregnancy

Vaccination schedule

3. Six months (6 months).

4. 1.5 years (18 months).

Where is the vaccine injection given?

Where is immunization carried out?

Is diphtheria vaccination required?

2. Work on logging, clearing and improvement of forests, areas of health and recreation for the population in areas unfavorable for infections common to humans and animals.

3. Work in organizations for the procurement, storage, processing of raw materials and livestock products obtained from farms affected by infections common to humans and animals.

4. Work on the procurement, storage and processing of agricultural products in areas unfavorable for infections common to humans and animals.

5. Work on the slaughter of livestock suffering from infections common to humans and animals, the procurement and processing of meat and meat products obtained from it.

6. Work related to animal care and maintenance of livestock facilities in livestock farms that are vulnerable to infections common to humans and animals.

7. Work on catching and keeping stray animals.

8. Maintenance work on sewerage structures, equipment and networks.

9. Working with patients with infectious diseases.

10. Work with live cultures of infectious disease pathogens.

11. Work with human blood and biological fluids.

12. Work in all types and types of educational institutions.

After vaccination against diphtheria

Reaction to the vaccine

Side effects of the diphtheria vaccine

These conditions are easily treatable and do not cause permanent impairment of human health.

Complications

Contraindications

Refusal of diphtheria vaccination

Cities (villages, hamlets)

From (name of applicant)

Write who knows information about various vaccinations (measles, tetanus and others) and whether it is worth getting them at all. in the vaccination office of the med. employees insist on them because they get bonuses and plans from it!

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Diphtheria and tetanus are two serious diseases that enter the human body in different ways, but vaccination to develop immunity is carried out at the same time and usually with one vaccine. They were included in the list of mandatory vaccinations for the population due to the serious consequences that threaten human life in direct contact with the pathogens of diphtheria and tetanus.

Many young parents succumb to propaganda directed against any vaccination of children, and write a refusal from the first day the baby is born. Such a decision is legal and must be respected by society. But isn’t there a greater danger to the child in this refusal than in vaccination? Let's figure it out.

What are the dangers of diphtheria and tetanus for an unvaccinated person?

Before the advent of vaccines against serious viruses and bacteria, a person could die in a short time from a simple knife cut or scratch from a pet. Such consequences were associated with tetanus bacilli, which got into an open wound along with food, dirt and other particles. The rod quickly developed, entered the bloodstream and reached the nervous system. Within two or three days the person became ill:

• all muscles were stiff;
• convulsions appeared;
• suffocation ensued.

Having lost the ability to breathe, the person infected with tetanus died. Children were in the main risk group because they committed thoughtless actions. Contact with cats and dogs could end in disaster.

No less dangerous are the bacteria that cause diphtheria. They are transmitted by airborne droplets and affect the mucous membrane of the mouth, larynx, and tonsils. The symptoms are similar to a severe sore throat. The white deposits can cause swelling of the larynx, which can cause suffocation and death. Diphtheria is very difficult and leaves serious consequences, even if a person has overcome the disease.

Vaccination against tetanus and diphtheria has made it possible for children and adults to develop stable immunity to bacteria or to suffer a mild form of the disease without any health consequences. Vaccination of children and adults has significantly reduced the mortality rate of the population and reduced the possibility of epidemics.

What vaccines are used to inoculate against diphtheria and tetanus?

Serums with diphtheria or tetanus components are produced by imported and domestic manufacturers. These can be mono-vaccines or drugs containing components of other viruses and bacteria. For free vaccination, children and adults are vaccinated by a domestic manufacturer.

• The DTP vaccine contains components of whooping cough, diphtheria, and tetanus. Intended for children up to one and a half years old. Immunity is formed through three stages of vaccination and one revaccination.
• The ADS vaccine does not contain pertussis toxoid. It is prescribed to children after 6 years of age, when it is necessary to strengthen resistance against diphtheria and tetanus, because the body cannot maintain immunity for life. The same serum is administered to children under two years of age if there were serious side effects to the first vaccination. These effects are usually caused by the whooping cough component in the vaccine. The ADS vaccine is used for vaccination in adults every 10 years after the next immunization.
• AS or AD are drugs containing only tetanus or diphtheria components. Mono vaccination is possible in cases where there are adverse reactions to a specific component included in complex vaccines. Also used during an epidemic of a certain disease to avoid the consequences of direct contact with the diphtheria bacterium or tetanus bacillus. Can be used by adult girls during pregnancy.

If the child has no contraindications, then it is better to get a vaccination containing as many components of viruses and bacteria that are dangerous to humans as possible.

When and where to get vaccinated against tetanus and diphtheria

The timing and rules for vaccinating children and adults against diphtheria and tetanus are no different from other vaccinations.

If there are no contraindications, then the baby is given the first vaccination at three months. The effects of the vaccine may vary for each child. If there are no side effects to the first vaccination, then after a month or a month and a half, a second dose of the same serum is administered. Adverse reactions to the whooping cough component are a contraindication to the DTP drug. Then the second and third vaccination is done with ADS or ADS-m serum.

All subsequent stages of vaccination against tetanus and diphtheria are possible only with ADS:

• children aged 7, 17 years;
• for adults - at the age of 25–27 and every 10 years until retirement age.

Sometimes the immunization schedule changes. This may be caused by:

• individual reaction to the first or second vaccination;
• deferment for health reasons, temporary or permanent;
• parents’ refusal to vaccinate in childhood, but changing their decision at a certain point;
• personal desire of an adult who was not vaccinated by his parents;
• For adults, vaccination may be necessary due to their occupation, where there is a daily risk of contracting tetanus or diphtheria.

Then the vaccination is given according to the circumstances.

Injection site in children and adults

It is known that the serum must be absorbed into the blood for the reaction to take place properly. Rapid absorption occurs in muscle tissue, where there is no fat layer or is contained in a minimal amount. Therefore, the vaccine must be administered intramuscularly to both children and adults.

• In babies, the most developed muscle is the thigh, where the serum is injected. Correct injection does not cause side reactions in the form of a lump or strong compaction. This effect can only occur when the substance enters the fatty layer, where it is difficult for it to dissolve. The serum will take a very long time to dissolve, which will cause discomfort in the baby.
• Before school, the child is vaccinated in the shoulder or shoulder blade. Where to give the injection is decided by the doctor based on the physical condition of the person being vaccinated. But usually the ADS vaccination is done in the upper muscle of the arm.
• For adults, the injection is given subcutaneously in the area of ​​the shoulder or shoulder blade.

The injection site should not be scratched or rubbed to avoid adverse local reactions in the form of redness, thickening, and suppuration. Can be washed with clean water without using detergents or washcloths.

Reactions after vaccination against tetanus and diphtheria

The main reactions to vaccination occur in infants. But they are normal and are not considered dangerous to the health and development of the baby. All symptoms disappear two to three days after vaccination. But any mother needs to know about them so as not to worry:

• local reaction in the area of ​​the injection, not reaching more than 10 cm in diameter and not having purulent formations;
• long sleep on the day of vaccination or later;
• decreased appetite, activity;
• increase in temperature, but no later than the third day after the day of vaccination;
• symptoms of a cold or viral disease that pass quickly and without serious consequences;
• pain at the injection site, causing lameness or temporary numbness in the leg.

The mother’s actions these days should only be limited to a more sensitive attitude towards the baby, monitoring the situation and using medications for fever and allergies.

The baby returns to the previous rhythm of life after three days. Some children do not show any symptoms associated with tetanus and diphtheria vaccinations at all.

Having studied in detail the information about tetanus and diphtheria, it is easy to understand that vaccination is a reasonable decision for every educated and sensible person, since the consequences of direct contact with pathogens of dangerous diseases can be unpredictable.