Constitutional law - leading industry in Russian legal system, which is a set of norms regulating the foundations of the social and state system, legal status man and citizen, determining the form of the state, the competence of the highest bodies of state power and officials, the constitutional and legal foundations of local self-government. Constitutional law has a special subject and method of regulation. Subject - legal relations arising in the process of realizing sovereignty Russian Federation. Methods - permission, prescription, prohibition (they are typical for all public law branches), as well as establishment (characteristic only for constitutional law).
Administrative law - a set of rules governing relations in the sphere government controlled. The rules of administrative law establish the system, procedure and competence of government bodies and officials executive power, establish the rights and responsibilities of citizens in relations with these bodies and officials, define the concept and types of administrative offenses, and establish measures of administrative liability.
Financial right - a branch of law consisting of rules by which relations are regulated in the process of creation, distribution and use of state monetary funds. Administrative-legal relations are of a non-property nature, while financial-legal relations are of a property (monetary) nature. Financial law includes sub-sectors - budget, tax and banking law, which tend to be isolated.
Criminal law - a set of norms that establish the basis and principles of criminal liability, defining the concept and types of crimes, types of punishments and other measures of a criminal legal nature. The norms of criminal law are prohibitive in nature and prohibit socially dangerous actions or inaction under threat of criminal penalties. Criminal law is divided into General and Special parts. The General contains provisions on criminal liability, the concept of a crime, forms and types of guilt, circumstances excluding criminal liability, etc. The Special Part provides for specific types of crimes and determines the penalties applied for their commission.
Environmental (environmental) law - a young branch of law, the norms of which regulate human relations, legal entities and states in the field rational use natural resources and security environment. Industry regulations set standards for a healthy environment. Some researchers believe that environmental law is a complex branch of modern Russian law, similar to agricultural or economic law.
Civil law - leading branch of law. Subject of regulation: property and associated personal non-property relations based on equality, freedom of expression and property independence of the parties.
Sub-branches of civil law are copyright, invention, inheritance law and others, which, however, do not tend to be isolated. Business law can be distinguished as a sub-branch of civil law that tends to be isolated.
Family law - branch of law, the rules of which regulate personal non-property relations associated with marriage and family, kinship, guardianship and adoption and related property relations. They establish, in particular, the conditions and procedure for marriage, termination of marriage, recognition of its invalidity, determine the procedure and forms of guardianship and trusteeship.
Labor law - an industry that regulates relations regarding the use of labor in enterprises of various forms of ownership, in institutions and organizations. Subject of regulation: the relationship between the employee and the employer regarding the work of the former.
Land law - industry that regulates relations regarding the ownership, use and exploitation of land. Subject of regulation: relations between persons, as well as the state and its bodies for the implementation of ownership rights to land, for its cultivation, exploitation, increasing fertility, protection, etc.
Correctional labor law - an industry whose norms determine the procedure and conditions for serving a sentence and applying corrective labor measures to persons sentenced to imprisonment, exile, deportation, correctional labor, as well as the procedure for the functioning of institutions and bodies executing sentences, etc.
Criminal procedural law - branch of law that determines the procedure for criminal proceedings during the investigation period, preliminary investigation and consideration of the case by the court.
Civil procedural law - branch of public law regulating civil proceedings - consideration of court cases arising from disputes on civil, family, labor, land, environmental and some types of administrative legal relations. Cases to establish facts of legal significance are also considered in civil proceedings.
Arbitration procedural law - a relatively young branch of law that determines the procedure for considering court cases arising from economic disputes between entities entrepreneurial activity or between them and government agencies, as well as those arising from certain types of administrative legal relations.
Public international law - is not integral part national legal system. This is a set of norms and principles contained in international conventions, treaties, acts, charters of international organizations regulating relations between states and other persons endowed with international legal subjectivity.
International private law - a set of rules of law governing civil, marriage, family and labor relations of an international nature. Subject - relations regulated in the Russian Federation by the norms of national civil, marriage, family and labor law, complicated by a foreign element and having an international character.
In science, and even in legal practice, the categories “branch of law” and “branch of legislation” are not identical. The system of law and the system of legislation can be correlated with each other as internal content and external form. The legislative system is an objectification, a concrete expression of the legal system. The legal system is, first of all, a scientific and doctrinal basis, a conceptual model of law-making activity; it is relatively objective in nature and minimally depends on the will of the legislator. The legislative system, on the contrary, is entirely the brainchild of the legislator; it is subject to the influence of the subjective factor in all its diversity (from the incompetence of the authors of bills to direct lobbying).
The legal system is somewhat broader than the legislative system; it has significantly more sources. It is reflected not only in positive law, but also in customary law, in principles of law, in legal doctrines, in contracts containing rules of law, in judicial precedents, and in legal consciousness.
The legal system is characterized by homogeneity, since each branch has a subject legal regulation. Branches of legislation do not have this kind of unifying principle.
The legal system consists of industries, sub-sectors and institutions, and the legislative system consists of normative legal acts, therefore the primary element of the legal system is the rule of law, and the primary element of the legislative system is the article of the normative act.
Among the branches of legislation we can distinguish: firstly, the same branches of law (criminal, civil, family); secondly, complex industries, consisting of a combination of rules of various branches of law; civil, criminal, constitutional, etc. (economic, agricultural legislation, legislation on health protection, education, science, etc.); thirdly, industries related to certain areas of government (legislation on water transport, customs activities, etc.). For this reason, the number of branches of legislation exceeds the number of branches of law: there are 48 of them in the Russian Federation.
Current national law includes great amount legal acts, which contain an even larger number of legal norms. For a convenient and internally consistent organization of this entire regulatory and legal body (both within certain acts and within the entire set of acts), several types of systematization of normative material are used.
The simplest type of systematization is organization of various forms of accounting legal acts according to certain criteria with a mandatory search system for relevant material. Development computer equipment and creation of electronic legal databases in last years made this task much easier.
To more developed method systematization refers incorporation, which consists of a collection of legal acts on a specific basis (thematic, temporary) and range of issues without making changes to the normative content of the acts themselves. Incorporation is the publication of various kinds of collections, collections of existing acts on a particular subject matter, etc. At the time of publication in necessary cases External processing of the text of a legal act is carried out (withdrawal of provisions that have lost force, introduction of previously adopted new provisions, etc.). However, incorporation does not imply editing or otherwise changing existing legal norms.
An even higher method of systematization is consolidation, which involves combining several different legal acts of the same order into one new act. Such an act, of course, is adopted in due order by the relevant state body, and the consolidated legal acts lose force. Consolidation, in contrast to incorporation, is a form of official legal activity, because it is associated with the adoption of new legal acts.
Most high way systematization - codification. It involves processing, changing and updating the legal norms of a particular industry or sub-branch of law and the adoption of a new codification legal act (code of laws, code, fundamentals of legislation, regulations, etc.), some codification acts are industry-wide in nature and include all the basic norms one or another branch of law (criminal, civil, family codes), others combine legal norms within a sub-branch of law (customs, budget, tax codes).
The relationship between national and international law
IN modern world There are about two hundred independent states and the same number of national legal systems. The norms of international law previously regulated mainly only those relations that lay outside the competence of one or another national law. However, in Lately processes of worldwide globalization lead, firstly, to increasing unification national systems law (for example, through the development and adoption of model regulations, through reform of the legislative system), secondly, to the sharply increased role of international law, which very actively invades domestic legal relations.
Domestic and international law are two various systems rights that operate within their areas without special subordination. Really developing legal relations require the interaction of these systems. Three types of such interaction can be distinguished.
1) dualistic: national and international law as two isolated and mutually independent systems of legal order;
2) the monistic idea that international and national law are integral parts unified system rights, with priority given to the supremacy of national law;
3) priority is given to international law. Globalization processes make the latter model of interaction the most relevant, with a special role given to the issues of maintaining peace, cooperation between states, the fight against terrorism and drug trafficking, the protection and observance of human rights and freedoms. Interested subjects of political and geo-economic activity use international law as a tool in achieving their goals, including those related to the division of spheres of influence on a global scale.
In the Russian Federation, the problem of the relationship between international and national law is resolved at the constitutional level: “The generally recognized principles and norms of international law and international treaties of the Russian Federation are an integral part of its legal system. If an international treaty of the Russian Federation establishes rules other than those provided for by law, then the rules of the international treaty apply” (Clause 4, Article 15 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation).
Control questions and tasks
1. What is the legal system? What is characterized by this category?
2. What is the branch of law? What are the criteria for its identification in the legal system? Name the branches of law in Russian system rights? What is the objective nature of identifying branches of law?
3. What is a legal institution? What types of legal institutions are distinguished in the Russian legal system? What is a sub-branch of law?
4. What is the legislative system of the Russian Federation?
5. What is the difference between private and public law in the Russian Federation?
6. What is the systematization of legal norms and what are its main types?
Bibliography
Vasiliev A.V. Theory of law and state: Course of lectures. M.: Publishing house RAGS, 2000. Topic 9.
Lazarev V.V., Lipen S.V. Theory of state and law: Textbook. M., 2000. Topic 11. Section III.
General theory of state and law: Textbook for universities; In 3 volumes / Answer. ed. M.N. Marchenko. M., 2001. Chapters: XIV, XV, XVII, T. 2.
General theory of law and state / B.C. Afanasyev, A.P. Gerasimov and others / Ed. V.V. Lazarev. M., 1999. Topic 14. Section III.
Branch of law – totality legal norms and legal institutions regulating certain areas (types) of social relations.
A branch of law is a set of legal norms and legal institutions that regulate certain areas (types) of social relations.
Criteria for dividing law into industries and institutions act as the subject and method of legal regulation.
Subject of legal regulation- these are actual relations between people that objectively require legal mediation. Their range is very wide and varied. For example, social relations related to human rights and freedoms, the structure of the state, and other fundamental social relations are united in Constitutional law; social relations in the field of hired labor, legal relations between hired workers and the enterprise (organization) employer are combined into a group of Labor Law norms. A similar to others, see below - definition of industries.
Method of legal regulation is a set of techniques and methods of legal influence on people’s behavior, developed as a result of long-term human communication. If the subject of legal regulation answers the question of what law regulates, then the method answers the question of how it regulates. There are two main methods of legal regulation: imperative and dispositive.
Imperative method - subordination between the participants in a legal relationship (i.e. one subject is in a subordinate position in relation to another) contains strict regulations, the implementation of which is mandatory. It is used in public law areas when regulating power relations (constitutional, administrative, financial, criminal law).
Dispositive method- presupposes the equality of the participants in the legal relationship, the absence of a relationship of power and subordination between them, and provides the right to choose a course of action. Applicable in private law (civil, family law).
In any industry there are these two methods of legal regulation (i.e. there are both mandatory and dispositive norms). Depending on what method of legal regulation prevails- distinguish between private law (dispositive norms and the method, respectively, predominate) and public law (imperative norms and the method, respectively, imperative prevail).
Classification of branches of law
According to the characteristics of legal regimes, all branches of law are usually divided:
1) to core, basic industries. This type of industries includes industries covering the main legal regimes: constitutional law, civil law, administrative law, criminal law, civil procedural and criminal procedural law;
2) special sectors, within which legal regimes are changed and adapted to special spheres of society: labor law, land law, financial law, law social security, family law;
3) complex industries, the distinctive feature of which is the combination of heterogeneous legal institutions from core and special industries: trade law, maritime law.
In addition, branches of law can be divided into: material(directly regulate social relations) and procedural(regulate the procedure for legal regulation of material industries). For example,
Materials include:
Constitutional law. It occupies a central place among other branches of law. Regulates social relations related to human rights and freedoms, the structure of the state, and other fundamental social relations. Constitutional norms influence the norms of all other branches of law. It relies primarily on the imperative method of legal regulation. The main source is the Constitution of the Russian Federation - a legal act of the highest legal force.
Civil law. Regulates property and related personal non-property relations. Relies on the dispositive method of legal regulation. The main source is the Civil Code of the Russian Federation.
Criminal law. Regulates social relations related to the fight against crime - the system of the most socially dangerous offenses and offenders (definition of general concepts of criminal liability, corpus delicti, punishment, etc., as well as specific acts recognized as crimes, amounts and types of punishments for their commission). Relies on the imperative (authoritative) method of legal regulation. It has the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation as its main source.
Family law. Regulates legal relations between spouses, as well as between parents and children (marriage, regime of property of spouses, divorce and its consequences, issues of maternity, paternity, etc.). The method is dispositive. The main source of the RF IC.
Procedural ones include:
Civil procedural law. The subject of legal regulation is the procedure of civil legal proceedings (issues of initiating a civil case, establishing factual circumstances, evidence, consideration of the case in court, making a decision on a civil case, the possibility of appealing it). Relies on the imperative-dispositive method of legal regulation. The main source is the Civil Procedure Code of the Russian Federation.
Criminal procedural law. Regulates the procedure (process) for carrying out criminal proceedings (the procedure for bringing to criminal responsibility, initiating a criminal case, investigation, consideration in court, sentencing, appeal and review of the sentence). Relies on the imperative-dispositive method of legal regulation. The main source is the Code of Criminal Procedure of the Russian Federation.
| 27-05-2011 |
Blood cancer: symptoms and signs of the disease in adults and children:
Nowadays, we are increasingly faced with this dangerous disease, like blood cancer, and children suffer the most from this. This terrible disease claims millions of lives every year. Let us consider in detail what this disease is and how it manifests itself.
What is cancer?
Blood cancer, the symptoms of which are pronounced, are malignant neoplasms that develop from a single cell of the bone marrow, blood or lymph due to its rapid division in a short period of time. At the same time, the newly formed cells suppress the growth and development of all other healthy cells. That is why the symptoms of the disease are directly related to the lack of certain “working” cells in the body of a sick person.
Blood cancer involves a disorder of hematopoiesis, the formation of active immature cells in the bone marrow, lymph nodes, blood and spleen. It is customary to distinguish three types of blood cancer depending on symptoms:
- Multiple myeloma. The tumor develops from lymph cells.
- Leukemia, or leukemia. Cancer develops from blood cells.
- Lymphoma is a malignant neoplasm in the plasma.
Blood cancer: symptoms and signs
The disease can affect people of absolutely any age and gender. It is accompanied by symptoms such as fast fatiguability, weakness, disruption of the gastrointestinal tract, increase lymph nodes, spleen and liver, increased body temperature.
Anemia and cachexia develop, bleeding from the mucous membranes appears, weight is rapidly lost, and pain in the bones and muscles appears. People have headache and aversions to various odors, unexplained irritability, drowsiness.
The important thing is that in the early stages, blood cancer may not show symptoms. But it is worth paying attention to the enlargement of the lymph nodes in the neck, collarbone, under the arms, and in the groin. This may indicate the development of the disease, so it is recommended to undergo examination.
In cancer, tumor tissue begins to grow in the area where the bone marrow is concentrated, gradually replacing healthy hematopoiesis.
As a result, anemia, granulocytopenia, thrombocytopenia develop, which leads to hemorrhages, decreased immunity, infectious complications and high bleeding.
Gradually, metastases begin to appear in various organs: liver, lymph nodes, and so on. Changes may appear in them, which are caused by obstruction of blood vessels by cancer cells, for example, heart attacks or ulcers.
The important point here is that blood cancer, the symptoms of which we are considering, can provoke memory impairment, this is due to impaired circulation. In addition, if there is damage to the skin, there is a long healing process.
Blood cancer: symptoms in later stages
Blood cancer develops quite rapidly, so new symptoms are soon added to the above symptoms. Thus, shortness of breath, anorexia, pain in the bones, back, and abdomen appear, vision also deteriorates, weight is lost, and nausea and sweating are added to all of the above.
Symptoms of blood cancer in adults are very pronounced in the later stages of the disease. So, during this period, the body of a sick person is susceptible to infections, fever often occurs, bleeding from the nose, gums, as well as dark spots on the skin may appear. The person becomes distracted.
Leukemia: symptoms
This diagnosis is fatal for most people. In its lymphocytic form, leukemia manifests itself mainly in children, while this disease affects adults to a lesser extent.
Blood cancer in children has the following symptoms: severe fever with elevated body temperature, decreased immunity, joint pain, enlargement of some internal organs, poor blood clotting.
Lymphoma: symptoms
This type of cancer affects the lymphatic system, so the patient's resistance to infections and other diseases is reduced. Blood cancer symptoms include the following: the presence of tumors in the neck, groin, and so on. It all depends on the location of the cancer tumors.
Myeloma: symptoms
This disease affects Bone marrow, which leads to the loss of the ability to reproduce healthy cells of all types.
Because of this, a person is at risk of developing various infectious diseases, he develops anemia, and with a minor blow, bruises and bruises form.
Blood cancer, the symptoms of which were listed above, leads to pain in the bones, bleeding gums and nosebleeds.
Diagnostics
If a person suspects that he has a disease such as blood cancer (its symptoms are already noticeable), it is necessary to begin diagnosing. First of all, you need to do a blood test, a bone marrow puncture is also taken, and a biopsy is performed.
Recently, doctors have increasingly begun to use immunohistochemistry, thanks to which it is possible to accurately determine the nature of neoplasms.
Timely diagnosis makes it possible to immediately begin treatment, which can save lives.
Treatment
When treating a disease such as blood cancer, antibiotics, hormones, antiviral and immunostimulating drugs are prescribed.
However, chemotherapy is most often used, which is intravenous administration in large doses of toxic drugs that destroy cancer cells. But such a procedure has certain consequences - healthy cells are also damaged.
First of all, they suffer hair follicles, so hair falls out, gastrointestinal cells, reproductive system, bone marrow. If treatment is not carried out on time, patients die within five months.
Blood cancer, the symptoms of which are also pronounced on the skin (dark spots appear), can be treated with a bone marrow transplant.
Using the puncture method, bone marrow cells are taken from a healthy donor and injected parenterally into the patient. But before that, a high dose of a certain chemical preparation All bone marrow cells in the patient are destroyed.
It should be noted that this procedure is quite dangerous and is performed in the presence of particularly malignant tumors.
Forecasts
Blood cancer (symptoms, photos of patients with this disease are presented in this article), of course, is a very terrible disease.
Its outcome directly depends on the shape of the tumor. Yes, when acute leukemia death occurs much faster than with other forms of blood cancer.
Chronic leukemia is treated better.
Thus, blood cancer is characterized by disturbances in the formation of red blood cells, platelets and white blood cells. This disease can occur in two forms: acute and chronic. In acute forms of cancer, patients die within a few weeks or months.
If the form is chronic, then remission of the disease is possible with timely detection of the disease and treatment. If a person notices any of the listed symptoms, he is recommended to seek advice and diagnosis at a medical institution.
Timely diagnosis and initiation of treatment can significantly prolong life.
Blood cancer is a disease that develops from a single cell located in the bone marrow. It divides uncontrollably in a short period of time, displacing the growth of healthy blood cells.
Accordingly, the symptoms of the disease are directly related to the lack of human body certain normal cells. There is no tumor as such; it is, as it were, scattered throughout the body and circulates in the bloodstream.
Malignant diseases often occur in children between two and five years of age. This is most likely due to exposure to radiation, as well as heredity.
The disease manifests itself the following symptoms: pain in the back, bones, joints, fatigue, pale skin, enlarged spleen, liver, and so on.
Timely treatment increases the chances of recovery or remission for long years. Do not delay your visit to the hospital if you notice the above symptoms.
Source: https://www.syl.ru/article/154886/undefined
Blood diseases, symptoms in adults
BV » DiseasesBlood cancer is a generalized term for oncological diseases of the hematopoietic and lymphatic system, as well as bone marrow.
Such diseases include lymphoma (damage to the lymphatic system), leukemia (damage to hematopoietic cells), myeloma (damage to the plasma).
Blood cancer is an oncological disease in which a tumor develops from a single cell of the bone marrow. In this case, cells divide uncontrollably, infected cells develop rapidly, suppressing healthy ones.
The symptoms of the disease are quite easy to recognize due to the lack of normal blood cells and the patient only needs to undergo a blood test. There is no single tumor, and the affected cells spread throughout the body, which have a detrimental effect on the lymph nodes and all organs.
It is almost impossible to identify the true cause of the disease; women are most often affected.
On initial stages blood diseases, symptoms in adults have no definite signs.
Often this period is asymptomatic, and patients have no complaints.
The first symptoms are fatigue, memory loss, drowsiness, pale skin with characteristic bruises under the eyes, and severe nosebleeds.
General symptoms:
- permanent infectious diseases;
- temperature rise to high levels;
- enlargement of the spleen, liver and lymph nodes;
- blood clotting disorder;
- frequent daytime fatigue and weakness;
- nausea and vomiting.
Blood hemostasis systems perform multifaceted functions and therefore the sensations of hematology patients are varied.
They are distinguished into general pathological ones, as well as general localized ones, when some internal organs are damaged and there are no specific signs.
The doctor studies complaints, compares pathological phenomena, and this can help make the correct diagnosis.
Hematologically ill patients exhibit the following clinical syndromes:
- osteoarthropathic;
- immunodeficient;
- ulcerative-necrotic;
- anemic;
- hemorrhagic;
- intoxication,
- feverish;
- lymphadenopathic.
Manifestations of anemic syndrome
Patients report prolonged migraines, ringing in the ear, dizziness, lack of oxygen, rapid heartbeat, the appearance of “floaters”, a burning sensation in the heart area, fatigue, fainting states, increased irritability, decreased performance, weakened memory.
These symptoms are caused by a decrease in hemoglobin levels, cell hypoxia, and tissue metabolic disorders. The lack of oxygen involves a group of adaptive mechanisms and the patient's physical tension.
Manifestation of ulcerative-necrotic syndrome
The sick complain about painful sensations in the throat, increased salivation, swallowing is impaired, ulcerative-necrotic processes occur in the oral cavity.
Patients report cramping pain in the abdominal area, it becomes loose stools, and in clinical analysis granulocytes instantly decrease or completely disappear.
There is an explicit leukemic expansion of the mucous membranes of the stomach, intestines and oral cavity.
Hemorrhagic syndrome
Patients have hemorrhages in the skin, tissue, as well as muscle tissue and joint cavities, at acupuncture points. Various bleedings are observed: from internal organs, nose, or gums.
This syndrome is caused by:
- industrial platelet deficiency and thrombocytopenia;
- increased fibrinolytic blood tone;
- high permeability of vessel walls;
- increased waste of platelets and fibrinogen with intravascular coagulation.
Lymphadenopathic symptom
Swelling of the lymph nodes in various areas (inguinal, axillary, cervical) is caused by Negative consequences, compression, irritation appears.
A severe dry cough, for example, appears in patients with enlargement of the mediastinal lymph nodes.
Abdominal bloating, unstable stools, and accumulation of gases occur with expansion of the retroperitoneal and mesenteric lymph nodes.
Symptoms of fever
When manifested by fever combined with sweating, this condition causes pyrogenic involvement as a result of the interaction of leukocytes and erythrocytes. In other episodes, the result of fever may be an ulcerative-necrotic process, or it may be caused by a secondary infection.
Phenomena of intoxication
Patients experience anorexia, increased sweating, overwhelming weakness, and scratching. At the moderate stage, hematological patients experience general weakness, which is caused by intoxication due to leukemia.
The patient experiences increased sweating, rapid pulse, shortness of breath during physical activity, and possible fainting. It is worth emphasizing that hyperhidrosis is observed during the day, and at night it is experienced by chronic patients with inflammatory diseases.
In older people age group When iron levels decrease, heart failure may develop.
When basophils are destroyed, patients experience itching of the dermis. This often happens with chronic myeloid leukemia or lymphogranulomatosis.
Sometimes itching can cause poor circulation in the skin, or small blood clots due to blood thickening. Often, itching begins after hygiene procedures.
It often occurs along with pain in the tips of the lower and upper extremities.
Osteoarthropathic syndrome
Ossalgia (pain in bone tissue) appears with myeloma. Location: iliac bones, spine, sternum, ribs, sometimes in the skull or long bones. Painful sensations They are unexpected in nature and can be easily identified by tapping the affected areas.
Arthralgia (joint pain) is caused by immune disorders or toxicosis. Often this is the only symptom of lymphogranulomatosis, bone leukemia and hemolytic anemia.
If there is persistent pain in the joints, the etiology is not clear, it is necessary to perform a bone marrow puncture.
Arthropathy (damage to the motor function of joints) is observed in hematological malignancies and hemophilia.
This phenomenon is caused by the destruction of bone tissue, inflammatory processes joint cavities and hemorrhages.
Complaints are next character: violation motor activity joints, redness, swelling, pain.
Immunodeficiency syndrome
Patients experience regular colds, bronchitis, inflammation of the lungs and kidneys, and pyoderma. The human body produces antibodies against its own cells due to a defect in the immune system.
Symptoms of blood diseases in adults can occur in acute or chronic form.
Diagnosis requires consultation with a hematologist and oncologist, a detailed blood test, bone marrow puncture, cytogenetic study, and immunophenotyping.
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Source: http://bloodvessels.ru/r7.html
Symptoms (signs) of blood cancer in adults
Malignant lesions of cells of the hematopoietic, lymphatic system and bone marrow have common name“blood cancer” and are combined into a general group of diseases that have their own characteristics and clinical manifestations. In order to promptly identify this pathology, it is necessary to know the main symptoms of blood cancer in adults.
A feature of blood cancer or hemoblastosis (leukemia, leukemia) is the fact that, unlike other forms of oncological pathologies, it cannot be felt, seen, much less exposed surgical treatment, since tumor cells are not concentrated in one place, but are distributed throughout the body through the bloodstream or lymphatic drainage.
A pathological process or leukemia begins to develop due to the transformation of healthy cells into cancer cells, which, by multiplying, destroy healthy cells.
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This gradually leads to a weakening of the immune system, the development of anemia and other pathologies.
In order to promptly detect damage to blood cells, it is necessary to promptly determine the general and specific symptoms of blood cancer in adults, as well as the characteristic signs of this disease. Below we will look at the symptoms of blood cancer.
: What is leukemia
Enlarged lymph nodes are one of the characteristic features development pathological process in organism.
Hyperplasia is caused by a decrease in the body's immunity due to a decrease in the number of leukocytes in the blood and the spread of metastases to tissues and organs.
As a rule, enlarged lymph nodes are observed in the neck and armpits.
Hyperplastic peripheral lymph node syndrome is a pathomorphological and clinical problem. To identify a clear picture of the disease and differentiate the form of the tumor, laboratory tests are carried out.
Unfortunately, in some cases, enlarged lymph nodes indicate the progressive development of the oncological process.
In this situation, an examination is necessary to differentiate oncopathology from other diseases.
Nosebleeds
Another characteristic symptom is considered to be nosebleeds, as well as bleeding gums. This tendency to bleeding is due to increased vascular permeability, their fragility and integrity violations.
The external sign of this pathology is multiple hematomas that arise from a slight blow and rupture of capillaries.
These pathological signs can be explained by a blood clotting disorder due to a lack of platelets in the blood.
Increased body temperature
The development of oncopathology of hematopoietic tissue is characterized by decreased immunity, frequent infections, which are accompanied by a feverish state and the development of hyperthermia - an increase in body temperature to high values (38-40°C), and hyperthermia is not associated with colds.
Temperature stays high long time, which clearly indicates the development of a pathological process in the body. Against this background, tachycardia develops - rapid heart rate and sweating without visible reasons, especially at night.
Lethargy and fatigue
An increase in the number of pathological cells in the blood provokes a decrease in the number of red blood cells in the blood, through which oxygen is delivered to organs and tissues. Against the background of this disorder, the patient develops anemia, which is accompanied by dizziness, fatigue, weakness, drowsiness and apathy towards others.
As a result of the progression of the disease, the patient becomes quickly fatigued, since cancer cells differ in the intensity of nutrition and suppression of healthy blood cells.
By devouring normal cells of hematopoietic tissue, blasts (immature cancer cells) prevent penetration into the cells nutrients, which means they reduce immune protection body. As a result, the body weakens and the patient develops rapid fatigue.
Bone pain
Pain in the joints and bones is a specific symptom that is characteristic of blood cancer, but it manifests itself on late stage diseases.
This symptom indicates the prevalence and advanced stage of the disease, since bone pain occurs as a result of tumor metastasis to bone tissue.
If you think about what symptoms of blood cancer in adults can be identified, in addition to those listed above, you can name headaches, weight loss and enlarged organs.
Organ enlargement
At a later stage of development of the oncological process, pathology such as an enlargement of the spleen and liver may appear; in some cases, an increase in the size of the abdomen, a feeling of fullness, and heaviness in the hypochondrium may appear.
This is also due to metastasis of the tumor to this area and nearby organs. Often, characteristic compactions can be observed under the skin in the area of the bends of the joints of the limbs. They directly indicate damage to lymphatic tissue by cancer.
Headache
Headaches, which occur rarely at the beginning of the disease, become constant and more intense as the tumor process develops, causing severe suffering to the patient. These pains are accompanied by paleness skin, dry skin, as well as increased sweating, and are a consequence of deteriorating blood supply to brain cells.
Weight loss
If there is an uncharacteristic accumulation of cancer cells in any area of the body, unusual symptoms may be observed, including nausea, vomiting, perversion of taste, and aversion to any food.
As a result, the patient experiences rapid weight loss, shortness of breath, periodic convulsions and numbness in the extremities, loss of coordination, and in some cases, fainting.
Blood cancer diagnosed on early stage, is highly treatable, so patients with this diagnosis need to undergo adequate treatment to achieve a positive effect.
Source: http://rak.hvatit-bolet.ru/vid/rak-krovi/simptomy-raka-krovi-u-vzroslyh.html
Diseases of the blood and hematopoietic organs - classification, symptoms, treatment
Blood diseases are a set of diseases that are caused by various reasons and have different clinical presentations and courses. They are united by disturbances in the number, structure and activity of blood cells and plasma. The science of hematology studies blood diseases.
Types of pathologies
Classic blood diseases characterized by changes in the number of blood elements are anemia and erythremia.
Diseases associated with malfunctions in the structure and functioning of blood cells include sickle cell anemia and lazy leukocyte syndrome.
Pathologies that simultaneously change the number, structure and functions of cellular elements (hemoblastosis) are called blood cancer. A common disease with changes in plasma functions is myeloma.
Diseases of the blood system and blood diseases are medical synonyms. The first term is more comprehensive, since it includes not only diseases of blood cells and plasma, but also hematopoietic organs.
The origins of any hematological disease is a malfunction of one of these organs. Blood in the human body is very labile; it reacts to all external factors.
It carries out a variety of biochemical, immune and metabolic processes.
When the disease is cured, blood parameters quickly return to normal.
If there is a blood disease, special treatment is necessary, the purpose of which will be to bring all indicators closer to normal.
To distinguish hematological diseases from other ailments, it is necessary to conduct additional examinations.
The main blood pathologies are included in ICD-10. It contains various types of anemia (iron deficiency, folate deficiency) and leukemia (myeloblastic, promyelocytic).
Blood diseases are lymphosarcoma, histocytosis, lymphogranulomatosis, hemorrhagic disease of the newborn, coagulation factor deficiencies, deficiencies of plasma components, thrombasthenia.
This list consists of 100 different items and allows you to understand what types of blood diseases there are. Some blood pathologies are not included in this list, as they are extremely rare diseases or various forms of a particular disease.
Principles of classification
All blood diseases in outpatient practice are conventionally divided into several broad groups (based on the blood elements that have undergone changes):
- Anemia.
- Hemorrhagic diathesis or pathologies of the homeostasis system.
- Hemoblastosis: tumors of blood cells, bone marrow and lymph nodes.
- Other ailments.
Diseases of the blood system that are included in these groups are divided into subgroups. Types of anemia (by reasons of occurrence):
- associated with impaired hemoglobin secretion or red blood cell production (aplastic, congenital);
- caused by the accelerated breakdown of hemoglobin and red blood cells (defective structure of hemoglobin);
- provoked by blood loss (posthemorrhagic anemia).
The most common anemia is deficiency anemia, which is caused by a lack of substances essential for the secretion of hemoglobin and red blood cells by the hematopoietic organs. Severe chronic diseases of the circulatory system occupy the 2nd position in prevalence.
What are hemoblastoses?
Hemoblastoses are cancerous blood tumors that originate in the hematopoietic organs and lymph nodes. They are divided into 2 broad groups:
Leukemia causes primary damage to the hematopoietic organs (bone marrow) and the appearance of a significant number of pathogenic cells (blasts) in the blood.
Lymphomas lead to lesions of lymphoid tissues, disruption of the structure and activity of lymphocytes. In this case, the appearance of malignant nodes and damage to the bone marrow occurs.
Leukemias are divided into acute (lymphoblastic T- or B-cell) and chronic (lymphoproliferative, monocytoproliferative).
All types of acute and chronic leukemia arise due to pathological development cells. This occurs in the bone marrow different stages. Acute form Leukemia is malignant, so it is less responsive to therapy and often has a poor prognosis.
Lymphomas can be Hodgkin's (lymphogranulomatosis) and non-Hodgkin's. The former can occur in different ways, having their own manifestations and indications for treatment. Types of non-Hodgkin's lymphomas:
- follicular;
- diffuse;
- peripheral.
Hemorrhagic diathesis leads to blood clotting disorders. These blood diseases, the list of which is very long, often provoke bleeding. Such pathologies include:
- thrombocytopenia;
- thrombocytopathy;
- failures of the kinin-kallikrein system (Fletcher and Williams defects);
- acquired and hereditary coagulopathies.
Symptoms of pathologies
Diseases of the blood and blood-forming organs have very different symptoms. This depends on the involvement of cells in pathological changes.
Anemia manifests itself as symptoms of oxygen deficiency in the body, and hemorrhagic vasculitis causes bleeding.
In this regard, there is no general clinical picture for all blood diseases.
Conventionally, manifestations of diseases of the blood and hematopoietic organs are distinguished, which to one degree or another are inherent in all of them.
Most of these diseases cause general weakness, increased fatigue, dizziness, shortness of breath, tachycardia, and problems with appetite.
There is a stable increase in body temperature, prolonged inflammation, itching, disruptions in the sense of taste and smell, bone pain, subcutaneous hemorrhages, bleeding of the mucous membranes different organs, pain in the liver area, decreased performance. If the mentioned signs of a blood disease appear, a person should consult a specialist as soon as possible.
A stable set of symptoms is associated with the occurrence of various syndromes (anemic, hemorrhagic). Such symptoms in adults and children occur when various diseases blood. Anemic blood diseases have the following symptoms:
- paleness of the skin and mucous membranes;
- drying or waterlogging of the skin;
- bleeding;
- dizziness;
- problems with gait;
- prostration;
- tachycardia.
Laboratory diagnostics
To determine diseases of the blood and hematopoietic system, special laboratory tests are carried out.
A general blood test allows you to determine the number of leukocytes, red blood cells and platelets. The parameters of ESR, leukocyte formula, and hemoglobin amount are calculated. The parameters of red blood cells are studied.
To diagnose such diseases, the number of reticulocytes and platelets is counted.
Among other studies, a pinch test is performed and the duration of bleeding is calculated according to Duke.
Informative in in this case There will be a coagulogram to determine the parameters of fibrinogen, prothrombin index, etc.
The concentration of clotting factors is determined in the laboratory. Often it is necessary to resort to bone marrow puncture.
Diseases of the hematopoietic system include pathologies infectious nature(mononucleosis). Sometimes infectious diseases of the blood are mistakenly attributed to its reaction to the appearance of infection in other organs and systems of the body.
With a simple sore throat, certain changes begin in the blood as an adequate response to the inflammatory process.
This state of affairs is absolutely normal and does not indicate a blood pathology.
Sometimes people consider changes in blood composition, which are caused by a virus entering the body, to be infectious diseases of the blood.
Identification of chronic processes
The name chronic blood pathology mistakenly implies long-term changes in its parameters that are caused by other factors.
This phenomenon can be triggered by the onset of a disease not related to blood. Hereditary blood diseases are less widespread in outpatient practice.
They begin at birth and represent large group diseases.
The name systemic blood diseases often hides the possibility of leukemia. Doctors make this diagnosis when blood tests show significant deviations from the norm.
This diagnosis is not entirely correct, since any blood pathologies are systemic. A specialist can only formulate a suspicion of a certain pathology.
During autoimmune disorders, the human immune system eliminates its blood cells: autoimmune hemolytic anemia, drug-induced hemolysis, autoimmune neutropenia.
Sources of problems and their treatment
The causes of blood diseases are very different, sometimes they cannot be determined. Often the occurrence of the disease can be caused by a deficiency of certain substances and immune disorders.
It is impossible to identify generalized causes of blood pathologies. There are also no universal methods for treating blood diseases.
They are selected individually for each type of disease.
Prevention of blood diseases provides a set of specific rules. You should lead a correct lifestyle and limit your exposure to adverse influences. It is necessary to treat any diseases in a timely manner.
Stress should be minimized by avoiding hypothermia and overheating of the body.
Blood diseases in humans manifest themselves in disturbances in the quantities and ratios of blood cells, their structure, size, and plasma characteristics. In medical vocabulary it is customary to use the term “systemic blood diseases”. It includes such concepts as diseases of the organs that produce red (erythrocytes), white (leukocytes) and lamellar (platelets) blood cells, that is, the bone marrow, lymph nodes and spleen.
Prevalence b
Here is a list and main symptoms of anemia in humans:
- Continuous;
- Fainting, dizziness;
- There is constant noise in the ears;
- Shortness of breath with symptoms;
- There is a constant lack of air;
- Stitching pains in the heart.
- Darkening, ;
- Memory impairment;
- Insomnia;
- Hot temper.
In older people, a drop in hemoglobin in the blood leads to heart failure. Specific symptoms, for example, unnatural taste with, yellow discoloration of the skin or mucous membranes with hemolytic, or hemorrhage with hypoplastic, are not taken into account.
Blood diseases with ulcerative-necrotic symptoms
Ulcers and necrotic tissue damage occur due to degradation of the granulocytic lineage of the bone marrow.
The following symptoms are characteristic of diseases with the manifestation of ulcerative-necrotic changes:
- Difficulty swallowing due to severe pain;
- Salivation;
- Bloating, Pain and cramps;
- Diarrhea;
- Putrid odor from the mouth;
- Inflammation of the oral mucosa;
- Angina;
- Ulcerations in the esophagus;
- Ulcers in the large intestine.
Blood diseases with fever
What are blood diseases with fever? The most common diseases with increased body temperature are hemoblastosis and lymphosarcoma. The cause of fever is a peculiar temperature-increasing effect of tissue decomposition products, shaped elements when ulcers appear and expand.
Blood diseases are accompanied by fever, chills and profuse sweating.
Diseases with signs of intoxication
Almost all blood diseases are diseases with severe intoxication. But, poisoning by the decomposition products of one’s own tissues occurs when various pathologies not the same.
Weakness is a consequence of the formation of toxic compounds from decaying tissues and accompanies other symptoms of blood intoxication characteristic of leukemia and anemia.
When histamine is released from destroyed blood cells, basophilia and erythremia are felt itchy skin. A characteristic symptom with malignant lymphomas is weight loss and lack of appetite.
The most common of diseases with pain in joints and bones are pathologies accompanied by osteoarthropathic syndrome. In such cases, inflammation of the joints and hemorrhages into the cavity of the bone joint develop. There is pain in the bones. The cause of the disease is the germination of neoplasm tissue in joint capsule and bone tissue, primarily bone marrow.
Symptoms of the pathology are:
- Pain in the bones of the skull, spinal column, ribs, ilium;
- Pain in tubular bones with Rustitsky's disease;
- Radiculitis pain. Caused by sprouting tumor cells inside bones for myeloma and malignant granuloma;
- Joint pain due to hemolytic anemia, hemophilia;
- Hyperemia of the skin of the joints, swelling, malfunction.
Diseases with symptoms of immunodeficiency
Immune deficiency occurs for two reasons: insufficient reproduction of leukocytes or the production of antibodies for the destruction of one’s own tissues. Immune deficiency diseases are accompanied by an ongoing series of colds.
The patient has untreatable bronchitis and pneumonia. The slightest scratches on the skin result in suppuration. Kidney diseases are diagnosed: pelvic and glomerular nephritis.
Diseases with abnormal serum proteins
The most common disorders include Hodgkin's disease and Waldenström's macroglobulinemia.
Hodgkin's symptoms and Waldenström's macroglobulinemia:
- Exhausting;
- Memory lapses;
- Limb pain. Numbness;
- Nosebleeds;
- Deterioration of vision
Viral mononucleosis, lymphocytic leukemia, myeloid leukemia, thrombocytopenia, hemolytic, sickle and deficiency anemia are diseases with enlargement of the liver and spleen.
These diseases are characterized by the following symptoms:
- Heaviness and pain in the stomach;
- Bloating;
- Increasing weakness;
- Yellowness of the skin.
Prevention
You should follow certain rules of prevention to learn how to prevent blood diseases:
- Timely treat diseases accompanied by hemorrhages;
- Treat infectious diseases in accordance with the doctor’s recommendations;
- Organize a diet balanced in proteins, minerals and vitamins;
- Do not overuse X-ray examinations and control radiation doses;
- Use the funds personal protection when working with aggressive media, pesticides, paints. lead salts and other toxic substances;
- Avoid hypothermia and overheating;
- Prevent stressful situations;
- Do not abuse alcohol and tobacco
Compliance with these simple rules will help maintain health, ability to work and protect against diseases of the blood system and many others.
