Astringents
This medicinal substances, which, upon contact with affected areas of the skin and mucous membranes, denature the protein on their surface and form a protective film that protects sensitive receptors of nerve fibers from irritation. In this regard, inflammation and pain are reduced. In addition, local narrowing of blood vessels occurs, reducing their permeability.
Astringents are used externally in the form of lotions, rinses, douches, powders, ointments for inflammatory diseases of the skin and mucous membranes (ulcers, erosions, burns, tonsillitis, etc.), as well as internally for diseases of the digestive tract.
Divided into two groups:
1. organic (plant origin)
2. inorganic (synthetic)
TO organic include plant raw materials and decoctions from them containing tannins: oak bark, rhizomes of cinquefoil, serpentine, burnet, blueberries, bird cherry, St. John's wort, etc. They form insoluble albuminates with proteins.
Tannin– a tannin found in many plants. It is a yellow-brown powder, easily soluble in water and alcohol. Its 1-2% solutions are used for rinsing for inflammatory diseases of the mucous membranes oral cavity, nose, nasopharynx, 5-10% solutions for lubricating burn surfaces, ulcers, cracks, bedsores, 0.5% solutions for salt poisoning heavy metals and alkaloids.
Included in combination tablets « Tansal», « Tannalbin».
From inorganic The most commonly used astringents are bismuth drugs: Bismuth subnitrate, Xeroform, Dermatol. They are used in ointments, powders for inflammatory skin diseases, as well as for peptic ulcer stomach and duodenum(bismuth subnitrate and subcitrate – tablets De-nol, Ventrisol), also have an antimicrobial effect.
Included in the combined tablets “Vicair”, “Vicalin”.
Alum(potassium-aluminum sulfate) - in the form of powders, solutions are used for rinsing, washing, lotions, douching for inflammation of the mucous membranes, skin, in the form of pencils - to stop bleeding from scratches and small cuts.
These are indifferent substances capable of forming colloidal solutions with water. When directly applied to tissues during inflammation, they form a protective film on the surface that protects tissues and nerve endings from irritation, and thus have an anti-inflammatory, analgesic effect.
Enveloping agents are used for inflammatory diseases of the mucous membranes, especially for diseases gastrointestinal tract. They slow down absorption from the intestines, so they are used for poisoning. They are also prescribed simultaneously with medications that have an irritating effect to protect the mucous membrane.
They do not have a resorptive effect.
The following are used as enveloping agents:
Organically e substances are polysaccharides of plant origin: mucous extracts from marshmallow root, flax seeds, starch.
Marshmallow root infusion used for gastritis, enteritis and other gastrointestinal diseases, it also has a softening expectorant effect. Marshmallow root extract, syrup, tablets are also available. Mukaltin.
Flax seed mucilage prescribed for gastritis, peptic ulcers, cystitis and other diseases. Infusions of coltsfoot leaves, plantain, and linden flowers, which contain mucus, are also used.
Inorganic substances – drugs containing aluminum and magnesium hydroxides.
« Almagel"- colloidal gel in 170 ml bottles ("Almagel A" - with the addition of anesthesin). It has an enveloping, adsorbent, antacid effect. Used for gastric and duodenal ulcers, hyperacid gastritis, heartburn. Similar action The drugs “Phosphalugel”, “Gastal”, “Alumag” and others are available.
Enveloping agents- a group of substances of pharmaceutical and natural origin, interacting with water, create colloidal solutions that protect the mucous membrane of the digestive system. Thus, gastric and intestinal coating agents can counteract the absorption of irritating substances.
Most often, these drugs are used to treat gastritis or ulcers. These diseases can often be accompanied simple symptoms such as heartburn and belching air. Sometimes it is caused by air or food trapped in the esophagus. In adults, this more often occurs as a result of a full stomach. In this case, just burp and everything will pass. In other cases, these symptoms indicate that an inflammatory process is beginning in the stomach or intestines. Heartburn and belching of air in themselves are not a disease and do not pose any danger. But to get rid of it, you need to eliminate its cause, in other words, you need to treat gastritis or ulcers. The enveloping and intestinal tract will help with this.
Classification
On this moment there are many medicines, which can be divided into two groups: natural and pharmaceutical.
Medicines of natural origin
Products of plant origin are slightly different in some ways. After administration, they almost completely fall into gastric tract without dissolving in the circulatory system. In addition, they not only protect the mucous membrane, but also help reduce pain during inflammatory processes, and also have a positive effect on the condition of peptic ulcers. Majority medicinal herbs can form a protective film on the walls of the stomach or intestines.
Many coating agents for the stomach and intestinal tract contain starch. Such drugs include:
- - starch from potato juice and corn;
- - flax seeds;
- - oats and oat flakes;
- - comfrey;
- - liquorice root.
- - white clay;
- - marshmallow root;
- - Lyubka bifolia;
- - spotted orchis.
The most optimal version for the treatment of gastrointestinal diseases is potato or corn starch. It dissolves in hot water, forming a colloidal mixture. Otherwise, dissolution occurs very slowly. This substance is used both internally and as an enema. In pharmacies, starch is sold in powder form, which is recommended to be stored in a dry place. Before taking it, dissolve it in warm water - 1 tablespoon per 100 ml of water.
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Many recommend using it as an enveloping agent for gastritis and ulcers. flax seeds. In warm water they secrete mucus, which is the ingredient used in the treatment. This solution must be consumed hot. To prepare, take one teaspoon of seeds and pour 0.25 liters of boiling water. Then boil for another 15 minutes, then strain and drink an hour before meals. You can buy flaxseeds at the pharmacy.
It can also be used in the treatment of gastrointestinal diseases. spotted orchis root, a component of which is starch. For medicinal decoction, you need to grind 5 grams of root, and then place it in a thermos and pour 200 ml of boiling water. Then leave for 3-4 hours and boil for 10 minutes. Before taking, the mixture must be filtered and taken 70 ml 3 times a day before meals.
No less useful for similar diseases and marshmallow root. The recipe for preparing the mixture is similar to the previous one. To prepare the serum, you will need 10 grams of crushed ingredient, which is also poured with boiling water in a thermos, but in a volume of 250 ml. You need to take 10 ml 4 times a day before meals.
Pharmaceutical coating preparations
Recently, medicines of natural origin are increasingly used in folk medicine, thanks to their healing and analgesic properties. However, for greater effect, experts recommend combining both classes of enveloping substances so that they penetrate faster into both the stomach and intestines. Today the following drugs are well known:
- - Phosphalugel;
- - Almagel;
- - Vikair;
- - Sucralfate;
- - Magnesium oxide;
- - Aluminum hydroxide.
Phosphalugel- this is a gel white, taken orally. It has an enveloping property, neutralizes acids, secretes an enzyme that breaks down proteins, and also removes toxins, gases and other harmful substances from the gastrointestinal tract. It can be used for acute infectious diseases, the cause of which is pathogenic microbes that enter the stomach along with food. The drug itself has no toxic properties and therefore it is completely safe for both children and pregnant women.
Moreover, it does not have many side effects. Doctors advise taking it for acute gastritis and gastric ulcers. It is also useful for various types poisoning The drug is prescribed when symptoms appear when food digestion is disrupted and gastric emptying slows down. Although this medicine Doesn't require a prescription, but don't overuse it.
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Almagel- a drug that is most often prescribed for acute ulcers or gastritis. It happens different types, its analogue is Maalox. The medicine has an enveloping property and belongs to the group of antacids. Used orally as a suspension. Mostly, the medication does not produce carbon dioxide, which contributes to the release and accumulation of gases in the gastric cavity. It forms a protective layer and has reduced toxicity. 
The purpose and dose during treatment are determined by the attending physician. Before using the medication, the container with the contents, consisting of liquid and small, solid particles, must first be shaken. Almagel can be used not only for treatment, but also for prevention. It is prescribed to patients suffering from ulcerative and inflammatory diseases intestines, as well as in cases of poisoning and low acidity of the stomach. It is strictly prohibited for children under one month of age, people with Alzheimer's disease and patients with renal failure.
Magnesium oxide also called white magnesia. This drug is not absorbed circulatory system, thereby reducing the effects of acids, preventing the release of carbon dioxide. Once in the intestines, the medication causes a feeling of weakness. Magnesium carbonate is prescribed for duodenal ulcers and gastritis. The drug can be contained in tablets and in powder form, which is taken immediately before meals, which makes the drug act quickly. After a meal it lasts much longer.
Sucralfate- anthracite medicine with an enveloping effect. The stomach enzyme, produced by the chief cells of the mucous membrane, slows down the secretion when exposed to this drug. Intended for use for ulcers and gastritis. It is sold in pharmacies in the form of tablets, which must be taken 1-2 pieces three times a day, washed down with water and without chewing. 
Aluminum hydroxide- a powder that also has an enveloping effect and is used in the form of an aqueous suspension. Doctors advise taking the substance for duodenal ulcers, gastritis and various food poisoning. The drug delays the absorption and dissolution of gases in digestive system. Dosage - from 5 to 10 grams of the drug no more than 6 times a day.
Today, enveloping agents that create a barrier for the stomach and its mucous membrane from an aggressive environment are available in any pharmacy and are available without a prescription. To use drugs correctly, you need to know in what cases a particular drug is required and what are the indications for its use. Very often, due to poor nutrition and abuse of alcohol and carbonated drinks, we create an increased level of acidity in the stomach, heartburn and pain in the upper abdomen occur, creating a favorable environment not only for gastritis, but also for peptic ulcers. In such cases, the body can no longer cope on its own; additional external help is required in the form of enveloping agents for the stomach, which will create a kind of protective layer on the mucous membrane and relieve the pain symptom. Enveloping preparations contain chemicals that can interact with water and create colloidal solutions. They are distributed evenly over the entire surface of the stomach, thereby creating a protective film from further exposure to toxic substances and reducing the sensitivity threshold of nerve fibers. Thus, drugs in this group have the following properties: Medicines can also be used topically for various damage to the skin: injuries, frostbite, burns. Enveloping agents exist in 2 generations: 1st generation - absorbable drugs, 2nd generation - non-absorbable. The former have a short-term effect; they interact with hydrochloric acid in the stomach and are partially absorbed into the general bloodstream. Such drugs include magnesium and calcium carbonate, burnt magnesia, Rennie. The advantage of the second group of drugs is their non-absorption property, that is, they do not enter the bloodstream, thereby remaining entirely in the stomach and intestines. Among them are Gastal, Maalox, Almagel. At the moment, there are medicines, both herbal products and their synthesized analogues. Components of natural origin include starch and its derivatives, such as: If it's nighttime and you don't have any medications on hand, you can use commonly used products like milk or baking soda as an antacid. The most popular medications that provide a coating effect for the stomach are: Important! Stomach and intestinal coating agents are often used in combination with antihistamines and antacids, as well as proton pump inhibitors. Their combined use provides a comprehensive approach to control the intensity and course of the disease. At the same time, modern drugs have almost no side effects, which explains their widespread use in medical practice. Indications for the use of enveloping agents are the following diseases: Almagel. Very often prescribed by doctors for gastritis or peptic ulcers, it is available in several forms, and another antacid, Maalox, has similar properties. The dosage of the drug is prescribed by the attending physician. Since these products contain aluminum, it is necessary to stop using them during pregnancy and breastfeeding; aluminum has a teratogenic effect on the fetus and placenta. Almagel ensures an increase in the pH of the contents in the stomach cavity and creates a protective film. The advantage of the drug is the absence of side effects of flatulence in patients. It is used for acute and chronic inflammation of the stomach, both for therapeutic and prophylactic purposes. Also indicated for reflux esophagitis, enteritis and colitis. During therapy with glucocorticosteroids, Almagel is often prescribed. Bismuth preparations include De-Nol, Vikair, Bismofalk in this group. Bismuth forms a chelate bond with protein molecules, thereby providing mucosal protection. They also have antimicrobial activity against Helicobacter pylory. All bismuth-based medications are taken in a course for 1-2 months, before eating. Used for stomach and duodenal ulcers, duodenitis and gastritis. Aluminum hydroxide is produced in the form of a powder compound and is prescribed in the form of a suspension 5-6 times a day for duodenal ulcers, poisoning and gastritis. Sucralfate is an antacid with an enveloping effect, inhibits the production of the gastric enzyme, which is produced under the influence of hydrochloric acid, pepsin, and also “binds” hydrochloric acid itself. Used for ulcers and gastritis, 3 times a day, 1-2 tablets, you should drink the drug generously and do not chew it. Phosphalugel is produced in the form of a white gel, has a neutralizing effect on hydrochloric acid, enveloping and adsorbing effects. Well used for food poisoning and toxic infections. Recommended for use for stomach ulcers, gastritis, alcohol intoxication, and dyspeptic syndrome. Side effects include flatulence and constipation. Thus, enveloping drugs are very widely used today and are a first aid remedy for epigastric pain, heartburn, attacks of nausea and food poisoning. STARCH (Amytum) It is obtained from wheat grains - wheat starch (Amylum Tritici), corn (Amylum Maydis), rice (Amylum Oryzae), from potato tubers (Amylum Solani). Insoluble in cold water, forms a colloidal solution in hot water (Mucilago Amyli). Indications for use. Prescribed as an enveloping agent to protect sensitive nerve endings from the effects of irritants and to slow down the absorption of drugs. Method of administration and dose. Externally (in the form of powders and powders with zinc oxide, talc, etc.), internally and in enemas (in the form of starch paste or mucus). Release form. Powder. Storage conditions. In a dry place. LIQUIRITON (Liquiritonum)
Contains a sum of flavonoids from licorice root. Pharmachologic effect. It has antispasmodic (relieving spasms), anti-inflammatory and moderate antacid (the ability to reduce stomach acidity) properties. Indications for use. For exacerbation and for the prevention of gastric and duodenal ulcers, chronic gastritis with preserved secretory function of the stomach, erosive gastritis (inflammation of the gastric mucosa with the formation of its defects). Method of administration and dose. Orally 0.1-0.2 g 3-4 times a day 20-30 minutes before meals for 4-5 weeks; after a 10-12 day break, the course of treatment is repeated. Release form. Tablets of 0.1 in a package of 25 pieces. Storage conditions. In a dry, dark place. FLAX SEEDS (Semena Lini)
Ripe and dried flax seeds (Linum usitatissinum L.), fam. flax (Linaceae). Contain fatty linseed oil(Oleum Lini) and mucus. Indications for use. Used as an enveloping and softening agent. Method of administration and dose. Externally for poultices and internally in the form of flaxseed mucus, which is prepared from 1 part whole flaxseed and 30 parts hot water extempore (before use). Release form. In cardboard packs of 200 g. Storage conditions. In a dry place. MAGNESIUM CARBONATE BASIC (Magnesii subcarbonas)
Synonyms: Magnesia is white. Indications for use. As an enveloping, antacid (reducing stomach acidity) and mild laxative. Method of administration and dose. Orally, adults are prescribed 1-3 g, children under 1 year - 0.5 g, from 2 to 5 years - 1-1.5 g, from 6 to 12 years - 1-2 g per dose 2-3 once a day. Apply externally as a powder. Release form. Powder and tablets containing basic magnesium carbonate and sodium bicarbonate, 0.5 g each. Storage conditions. In a well-closed container. TABLETS "VICAIR" (Tabulettae "Vicairum")
Synonyms: Rother. Indications for use. Method of administration and dose. Prescribed orally after meals (after 1-11/2 hours), 1-2 tablets 3 times a day. Take with a small amount (1/4 cup) of water. Side effect. Stool while taking Vikair tablets is colored dark color. Release form. Tablets containing: basic bismuth nitrate - 0.35 g, basic magnesium carbonate - 0.4 g, sodium bicarbonate - 0.2 g, calamus rhizome powder and buckthorn bark (finely ground) - 0.025 g each, in a package of 100 pieces . Storage conditions. TABLETS "VICALIN" (Tabulettae "Vicalinum")
Pharmachologic effect. The tablets have a complex effect. Basic bismuth nitrate, sodium bicarbonate and magnesium carbonate provide an antacid (reducing stomach acidity) and astringent effect, buckthorn bark (albeit in a small dose) promotes a laxative effect. The presence of rutin allows one to count on some anti-inflammatory effect, and kellina - on an antispasmodic (relieving spasms) effect. Indications for use. Used for peptic ulcers of the stomach and duodenum and hyperacid gastritis (inflammation of the stomach due to a persistent increase in acidity). Method of administration and dose. Prescribe 1-2 tablets orally 3 times a day after meals with 1/2 glass of warm water (it is advisable to crush the tablets). The course of treatment usually lasts 1-2-3 months; after a month's break the course is repeated. During treatment you must follow a diet. Side effect. Tablets usually do not cause side effects, sometimes there is an increase in stool, which stops when the dose is reduced. The stool turns dark green or black when taking the pills. Release form. Tablets containing: basic magnesium carbonate - 0.4 g, basic bismuth nitrate - 0.35 g, sodium bicarbonate - 0.2 g, calamus rhizome powder and buckthorn bark - 0.025 g each, rutin, etc. Kellin - 0.005 g each. Storage conditions. In a dry place, protected from light. MAGNESIUM OXIDE (Magnesii oxydum)
Synonyms: Burnt magnesia. Pharmachologic effect. Magnesium oxide is one of the main representatives of antacids used to reduce high acidity gastric juice. When magnesium oxide is introduced into the stomach, it is not absorbed and neutralizes the hydrochloric acid of the gastric contents to form magnesium chloride. Carbon dioxide is not released, therefore the antacid (reducing stomach acidity) effect of magnesium oxide is not accompanied by secondary hypersecretion. There are no phenomena of alkalosis (Shelling) observed. Passing into the intestines, magnesium chloride has a laxative effect. Indications for use. For hyperacid gastritis (inflammation of the stomach due to a persistent increase in acidity), peptic ulcer of the stomach and duodenum. Method of administration and dose. Prescribed orally (0.25-0.5-1 g) for increased acidity of gastric juice, acid poisoning and as a mild laxative (3-5 g per dose). Antacids are usually taken one hour before meals. However, it should be noted that when taken on an empty stomach The antacid effect is short-lived (about 30 minutes), it increases significantly (up to 3-4 hours) when taking antacids after meals. For a long-term antacid effect, it is advisable to take them 1 hour and 3 hours after meals. Before use, the tablets must be crushed thoroughly. Release form. Powder and tablets of 0.5 g. Storage conditions. In a well-closed container. MISOPROSTOL (Misoprostol)
Synonyms: Cytotec, Cytotec. Pharmachologic effect. A synthetic analogue of prostaglandin E. It has antisecretory activity. When taken orally (in tablet form), it reduces the secretion (excretion) of hydrochloric acid, stimulates the secretion of bicarbonate and mucus, and has a cytoprotective (cell-protecting) effect. The action usually develops 30 minutes after administration and lasts about 3 hours. Indications for use. They are used mainly to prevent the ulcerogenic (ulcer-causing) effects of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, including acetylsalicylic acid. Taken simultaneously with anti-inflammatory drugs for the entire duration of their administration. Method of administration and dose. Prescribed to adults: 0.2 mg (200 mcg) 3-4 times a day with meals. The last dose is taken shortly before bedtime. In case of poor tolerance, reduce the single dose to 0.1 mg (100 mcg). The drug is not prescribed to children under 18 years of age. Side effect. When using the drug, nausea, diarrhea (diarrhea), stomach pain are possible, rarely - skin rash, swelling, drowsiness, hypo- or hypertension (low or high blood pressure) and others side effects. Contraindications. Pregnancy (causes contraction of the uterine muscles). For kidney disease, it is necessary to reduce the dose. Release form. Tablets of 0.2 mg (200 mcg) in a package of 100 pieces. Storage conditions. In a dry place. SUCRAFAT
Synonyms: Alsukral, Andapsin, Sacras, Ulkon, Sucrafil, Keal, Sukrat, Algofel, Venter, Gelfos. Pharmachologic effect. The drug has an antacid (reduces stomach acidity), adsorbent (absorbing) and enveloping effects. Neutralizes gastric acid, inhibits the secretion of pepsin (an enzyme that breaks down peptides and proteins). When entering the stomach, it forms a polymeric protective film on the surface of the mucous membrane and has an itoprotective (cell-protecting) effect. Indications for use. Prescribed to adults for peptic ulcers of the stomach and duodenum, hyperacid gastritis (inflammation of the stomach due to a persistent increase in acidity). Method of administration and dose. Take 2-1 hour before meals daily dose 2-4 g (4-8 tablets): 0.5-1 g (1-2 tablets) before breakfast, lunch and dinner and 0.5-1 g (1-2 tablets) before bed. The tablets are swallowed whole, without chewing, with a small amount of water. The course of treatment is 4-6 weeks. and more. If necessary, the course is repeated. Side effect. Constipation is possible when taking the drug. Sucralfate should not be prescribed together with tetracyclines (the absorption of tetracyclines is impaired). Contraindications. Severe kidney damage and pregnancy. Release form. Tablets of 0.5 g in a package of 100 pieces. Storage conditions. In a dry place, protected from light. PHOSFALUGEL (Fosfalugel)
Synonyms: Phosphalugel, Aluminum phosphate, Alfogel, Gasterin. Colloidal gel containing aluminum phosphate (about 23%). The composition of the drug includes pectin and agaragar gel. Pharmachologic effect. The drug has an enveloping effect and antacid (reduces stomach acidity) activity, helping to protect the gastric mucosa. Indications for use. Used for peptic ulcers of the stomach and duodenum, gastritis (inflammation of the stomach), dyspepsia (indigestion), food intoxication (poisoning). Method of administration and dose. Take orally undiluted, with a small amount of water or diluted in ]/2 glasses of water (possibly with added sugar). Dose: 1-2 packets 2-3 times a day 30 minutes before meals. Release form. Packaged in plastic bags of 16 g. Storage conditions. In a dry place. ANDREWS LIVER SALT
Pharmachologic effect. A combined drug that has an antacid (reduces stomach acidity) effect. Sodium bicarbonate, which is part of it, reduces the acidity of gastric juice. In combination with citric acid, sodium bicarbonate forms a buffer solution, the pH (an indicator of the acid-base state) of which is higher than the pH of the stomach contents, as a result of which the drug increases the pH (reduces the acidity) of the stomach contents, having an antacid effect. Magnesium sulfate has a laxative effect. Indications for use. Acute gastritis(inflammation of the stomach), chronic gastritis with normal secretory function stomach (secretion of gastric juice) in the acute phase, acute duodenitis (inflammation of the duodenum); peptic ulcer of the stomach and duodenum in the acute phase; pain, feeling of discomfort in the epigastrium (the area of the abdomen located directly below the convergence of the costal arches and the sternum); heartburn after excessive consumption of alcohol, nicotine, coffee, sweets, errors in diet, medicines; constipation. Method of administration and dose. For adults with epigastric pain and heartburn, take 1 teaspoon of powder per 1 glass of water. If necessary, the drug can be used 4 times a day. For constipation, take 2 teaspoons per 1 glass of water in the morning on an empty stomach or before bed. For children under 12 years of age, the drug is prescribed at a dose equal to half the dose for adults. Side effect. Rarely - pain in the epigastric region. Contraindications. Increased sensitivity to the components of the drug; diabetes. Release form. Powder for the preparation of a solution for oral administration in bottles of 227 g and 113 g, in bags of 5 g. Composition: magnesium sulfate - 17.4%, sodium bicarbonate - 22.6%, citric acid- 19.5%, sucrose - 40.5%. Storage conditions. In a dry place. ALIGASTRIN
Synonyms: Alugastrin. Pharmachologic effect. It has an astringent, antacid (reduces stomach acidity), enveloping effect. When taken orally, it forms a uniform protective film on the surface of the gastric mucosa. Indications for use. Used for peptic ulcers of the stomach and duodenum and hyperacid gastritis (inflammation of the stomach due to a persistent increase in acidity). Method of administration and dose. Take orally 2-1 hours before meals and before bedtime, 1-2 teaspoons of suspension (suspension of solid particles in water) or the contents of 1-2 sachets (5 or 10 ml) with a small amount of warm boiled water or without water. Side effect. The drug is usually well tolerated; Nausea and vomiting are possible. Release form. In bottles of 250 ml and 5 or 10 ml in plastic bags. Storage conditions. In tightly closed bottles (or bags) in a place protected from light. BISMUTH NITRATE BASIC (Bismuth! subnitras)
Pharmachologic effect. Antacid (reduces stomach acidity), astringent, protects the lining of the stomach. Indications for use. As an astringent, weak antiseptic (disinfectant), fixing agent for gastrointestinal diseases. It also has a local astringent and anti-inflammatory effect. Method of administration and dose. Orally 0.25-1 g (children 0.1-0.3-0.5 g) per dose 4-6 times a day before meals 15-30 minutes. Topically 1-2 times a day for dermatitis (skin inflammation), erosions (surface defects) and small skin ulcers. Side effect. With long-term use in large doses, methemoglobinemia (increased levels of methemoglobin in the blood). Release form. Powder; 10% ointment. Storage conditions. In a sealed container, protected from light. Bismofalk
Pharmachologic effect. A combined preparation containing bismuth nitrate main and bismuth subgallate. An antiulcer agent with bactericidal (bacteria-destroying) activity against Helikobacter Pylori, a microorganism that is considered as one of the causes of the occurrence and recurrence (repeated manifestation) of chronic gastritis (inflammation of the gastric mucosa) and peptic ulcer. In the acidic environment of the stomach and duodenum, bismuth subgallate and bismuth subnitrate form complexes with glycoproteins (proteins) released from the damaged mucosa. This resulting complex, containing bismuth, forms a protective layer on the surface of erosions (defects of the mucous membrane) and ulcers, which protects them from the effects of hydrochloric acid and pepsin (an enzyme that decomposes peptides and proteins). The drug enhances the processes of regeneration (restoration) of the mucous membrane, increases the production of mucus and improves its protective properties. Indications for use. Peptic ulcer of the stomach and duodenum; chronic gastritis in the acute stage; a feeling of fullness in the epigastric region (the area of the abdomen located directly below the convergence of the costal arches and the sternum). Method of administration and dose. The drug is prescribed orally, 2 tablets 3 times a day, 1-2 hours before meals. The tablets are taken without chewing, with a small amount of liquid. The duration of treatment is determined clinical course disease and should be at least 4 weeks even with rapid improvement or disappearance of complaints. At the same time, as with all bismuth preparations, the duration of treatment should not exceed 8 weeks. If it is necessary to repeat the course, you should take a break of 8 weeks. Since the drug acts most actively in the acidic contents of the stomach, antacids (drugs that reduce stomach acidity), as well as milk, should not be taken simultaneously with bismofalk. If necessary, these drugs are taken no earlier than 30 minutes before taking bismofalk or 30 minutes after taking it, so as not to weaken the effect of bismofalk. Side effect. Possible dark coloration of stool due to the formation of bismuth sulfide. With long-term use in high doses, the development of encephalopathy (brain diseases associated with the accumulation of bismuth in the central nervous system, characterized by its dystrophic changes). Contraindications. Hypersensitivity to the components of the drug; heavy renal failure; pregnancy; lactation. The drug is not prescribed to children under 14 years of age. Release form. Tablets containing basic bismuth nitrate 0.1 g and bismuth subgallate 0.05 g, in a package of 100 pieces. Storage conditions. Basic bismuth nitrate is also included in the composition of the preparations: neoanuzole suppositories, Vikair tablets, Vikalin tablets. Bismuth subsalicylate
Synonyms: Desmol. Pharmachologic effect. Antiulcer and antidiarrheal (antidiarrheal) agent, which also has an enveloping and antimicrobial effect. Forms an insoluble protective coating at the site of the ulcer. Increases the resistance of the mucous membrane to the action of pepsin (an enzyme that decomposes peptides and proteins), hydrochloric acid and enzymes. Increases the production of mucus in the stomach and improves its protective properties. The drug has a nonspecific antidiarrheal effect; Usually diarrhea (diarrhea) is stopped (removed) within 24 hours. Indications for use. Peptic ulcer of the stomach and duodenum in the acute stage; chronic gastritis (inflammation of the gastric mucosa) with normal or increased secretory function (formation of gastric juice) in the acute stage; diarrhea of various origins. Method of administration and dose. For the treatment of peptic ulcers, 2 tablespoons of the drug (or 2 tablets) are prescribed every 4 hours, but not more than 6 times a day. For the treatment of diarrhea, adults are prescribed 2 tablespoons (or 2 tablets) of the drug every 0.5-1 hour (but not more than 8 times a day). For the treatment of diarrhea, children are prescribed the drug every 0.5-1 hour (but not more than 8 times a day) in the following single doses: at the age of 3-6 years - 1 teaspoon (or Uz tablets), 6-9 years - 2 teaspoons (or 2/3 tablets), 9-12 years - 1 tablespoon (or 1 tablet). For children under 3 years of age, the drug is prescribed in doses based on the child’s body weight as prescribed by a doctor. If diarrhea lasts more than 48 hours or is accompanied by fever (sharp rise in body temperature), consultation with a doctor is necessary. Shake the gel before use. Side effect. Darkening of the tongue and dark coloration of stool are possible. Contraindications. Allergy information acetylsalicylic acid and other salicylates in the anamnesis (medical history). The drug should be prescribed with caution to sick and breastfeeding women. Use caution when prescribing the drug to patients taking anticoagulants, antidiabetic agents, or antigout agents. Release form. Tablets containing 0.262 g of bismuth subsalicylate, in a package of 30 pieces. Gel in bottles of 237 ml (1 ml - 0.0175 g of bismuth subsalicylate). Storage conditions. In a carefully sealed package, protected from light. BISMUTH SUBCITRATE (Bismuth! subnitras)
Synonyms: Bisnol, Ventrisol, Tribimol, De-Nol, Biscolvdtrat, De-Noltal, Duozol, Ulzeron, Bizmat, etc. Pharmachologic effect. An antiulcer agent with bactericidal (bacteria-destroying) activity against Helicobacter pylori - microorganisms, which, in some cases, apparently contribute to the occurrence of chronic gastritis (inflammation of the gastric mucosa) and recurrent (recurrent) peptic ulcer. In the acidic environment of the stomach and duodenum, it forms a protective film on the surface of ulcers and erosions (defects of the mucous membrane), which promotes their scarring, increases the resistance of the mucous membrane to the effects of pepsin (an enzyme that decomposes peptides and proteins), hydrochloric acid and enzymes. Increases the activity of cytoprotective (cell-protecting) mechanisms, increasing the synthesis of prostaglandin ei and the secretion (release) of bicarbonates. Indications for use. Peptic ulcer of the stomach and duodenum. Exacerbation of gastroduodenitis (inflammation of the stomach and duodenum) in patients with peptic ulcer disease. Gastritis (inflammation of the stomach lining) caused by Helicobacter pylori. Method of administration and dose. The drug is prescribed 1 tablet 3 times a day 30 minutes before breakfast, lunch and dinner and the 4th time before bedtime. Take the tablet with 1-2 sips of water (but not milk). Treatment is carried out for 4-6 weeks. If necessary, it can be extended to 8 weeks. After this, you should take a break for 8 weeks, during which you should not take other drugs containing bismuth. When detected in a patient Helicobacter bacteria pylori, it is rational to combine treatment with the drug with oral administration of metronidazole 0.25 g 4 times a day for 10 days and/or amoxicillin 0.25 g 4 times a day for 10 days. In order to consolidate remission (temporary weakening or disappearance of disease manifestations) of diseases associated with Helicobacter pylori, as well as persistent sanitation (elimination and prevention of diseases) of the mucous membrane, it is advisable to carry out 3-4 two-week courses of antibacterial therapy (bismuth) during the first year subcitrate + amoxicillin, or bismuth subcitrate + metronidazole, or bismuth subcitrate + furazolidone). 30 minutes before and after taking the drug, you should refrain from taking food, liquids and antacids (lowering stomach acidity). The drug reduces the absorption of tetracycline. At joint use with other drugs containing bismuth, the risk of increasing the concentration of bismuth in the blood plasma increases. Side effect. Possible nausea, vomiting, more frequent bowel movements. While taking the drug, stool may become dark in color, as well as a slight darkening of the tongue. With long-term use of the drug in high doses, the development of encephalopathy (brain diseases associated with the accumulation of bismuth in the central nervous system, characterized by its degenerative changes) is possible. Contraindications. Severe renal dysfunction, pregnancy, breastfeeding. The drug is not prescribed to children. Release form. Tablets of 0.12 g bismuth subcitrate. Storage conditions. In tightly sealed packages, protected from light. GASTROPHARM (Gastropharm)
Pharmachologic effect. A combined preparation containing dried bacterial bodies of Lactobacillus Bulgaricus and their metabolic products, protein (25-30%), sucrose. Stimulates regeneration (restoration) processes in the mucous membrane of the stomach and duodenum, regulates the functions of the gastrointestinal tract. Indications for use. Peptic ulcer of the stomach and duodenum in the acute phase; chronic gastritis (inflammation of the stomach) in the acute phase. Method of administration and dose. Prescribe 1-2 tablets orally 3 times a day 30 minutes before meals. If necessary, the dose is increased to 8-12 tablets per day. The course of treatment is 30 days. Side effect. Not found. Contraindications. Hypersensitivity to the drug. Release form. Tablets in a package of 6 pieces. Storage conditions. In a dry place. DALARGIN (Dalarginum) Pharmachologic effect. From pharmacological properties dalargina most attention deserve its antisecretory (suppressing the secretion of digestive juices) activity, the ability to accelerate the healing of stomach and duodenal ulcers, as well as hypotensive (lowering arterial pressure) action. Indications for use. The drug is recommended for use as remedy with exacerbations of gastric and duodenal ulcers. Dalargin is also used in complex therapy obliterating diseases lower limbs(diseases associated with impaired blood flow through the arteries of the lower extremities) and alcoholism. Method of administration and dose. For gastric and duodenal ulcers, dallargin is prescribed intravenously or intramuscularly. Single dose 0.001 g (1 mg). It is administered intramuscularly in 1 ml, and intravenously in 5-10 ml of isotonic sodium chloride solution. Intramuscular injections do 2 times, and intravenously 1 time per day. If necessary, one-time the dose is increased to 0.002 g (2 mg), daily (intramuscular) - to 5 mg. The course of treatment lasts 3-4 weeks. The total dose of the drug per course of treatment is 30-50 mg. With pronounced pain symptoms simultaneous administration of antacids (reducing stomach acidity) is possible. A positive effect of dalargin (intravenous slow administration of 1 mg in 10 ml of isotonic sodium chloride solution) on the mental functions of patients with alcoholism was also noted. Injection solutions are prepared immediately before use. Side effect. Dalargin injections are generally well tolerated; Possible reduction in blood pressure. Contraindications. The drug should not be used during pregnancy and severe hypotension (low blood pressure). Release form. Lyophilized (dehydrated by freezing in a vacuum) powder or porous mass in ampoules of 0.001 g (1 mg) in a package of 5 pieces. Storage conditions. List B. In a dark place at a temperature not exceeding +20 °C. FLACARBIN (Flacarbinum)
Pharmachologic effect. A combined drug that provides antispasmodic (relieves spasms), capillary-strengthening (strengthens the walls of the smallest blood vessels), anti-inflammatory effect. Indications for use. Peptic ulcer of the stomach and duodenum. Method of administration and dose. Inside, granules "/2 teaspoons 3 times a day before meals, washed down with "/2 glasses of warm water. Course - 3-4 weeks. Side effects and contraindications. Not identified. Release form. Granules in bottles of 100 g each. 100 g contain: lycurazide and quercetin - 2 g each, sodium carboxymethylcellulose and pectin - 10 g each, glucose - 76 g. Storage conditions. In a dry place, protected from light.
Conclusion
As a rule, if there is pathological process in the digestive system, the patient must take several types of remedies, some of which eliminate symptoms, others have therapeutic effect. For example, in case of inflammation of the stomach tissues, it is necessary to take medications that will protect the organ from the aggressive effects of hydrochloric acid, agents that normalize digestive process, as well as medications that will eliminate the cause of inflammation.
Thus, the list of pills that need to be taken daily is impressive. Many of the medications irritate the mucous membrane, therefore, as part of complex therapy or for prevention, enveloping agents for the stomach and intestines are prescribed. Pathologies of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) are manifested by abdominal and dyspeptic syndrome.
For elimination severe pain Non-narcotic analgesics are used, and after the condition improves, they switch to antispasmodics. Enzyme preparations, antacids, enveloping agents, and antifoam agents help relieve dyspepsia. Medicines to restore gastrointestinal functions should be prescribed by a doctor, since only a specialist will be able to develop the correct treatment regimen, select the best remedy, determine the dosage of the drug and, if necessary, adjust it.
What medications can relieve abdominal pain?
To dock pain syndrome, analgesics or antispasmodics are most often used. Depending on the nature of the pathological process, it may be necessary to use enzyme preparations, agents that reduce the amount of hydrochloric acid in the stomach, defoamers, sorbents or choleretic drugs. Of the analgesics, the most popular drugs are Analgin, Paracetamol and products based on them.
Analgin (metamizole sodium) has an analgesic, antipyretic and slightly anti-inflammatory effect. Active substance inhibits cyclooxygenases, reduces the production of endoperoxides, prostaglandins, bradykinins, free radicals, interferes with the conduction of impulses and reduces the sensitivity of areas of the brain that perceive a painful stimulus.
The drug begins to act 20–40 minutes after administration, the maximum effect appears after 2 hours.
Analgin is used for acute pain after injury or surgery, with colic, with high temperatures. The drug is prescribed depending on the severity of the pain syndrome and individual sensitivity to it. Recommended for children 10–14 years old single dose at a rate of 8–14 mg/kg, adults can take up to 1000 mg (2 Analgin tablets) at a time. The maximum simultaneous dose can be taken no more than 4 times a day.
Metamizole sodium is the active ingredient in the following drugs: Analgin-Ultra, Spazdolzin for children, Baralgin M, Spazmalgon, Bral, Bralangin, Spazgan, Plenalgin. Paracetamol is available in syrup, tablets, suppositories, and solution for infusion. It is prescribed to eliminate moderate pain and febrile syndrome in acute infectious and infectious-inflammatory diseases.
Paracetamol tablets are contraindicated in children under 6 years of age.
To take the analgesic, adults, elderly people and adolescents over 12 years of age are prescribed 1-2 tablets if the dosage of the tablet is 500 mg, or 2.5-5 tablets if the dose is 200 mg, with an interval of 4 hours. Maximum daily dose– 4000 mg. Children 6–12 years old are given 1 tablet (200 mg) or half a tablet with a dosage of 500 mg. For children, the daily dose should not exceed 2000 mg.
Paracetamol syrup can be prescribed to children over 2 years of age. Give 5-10 ml of syrup to children aged 2-6 years, children 6-12 years old 10-20 ml of medicine, and adults and adolescents - 20-40 ml. You can take the product once every four hours. If paracetamol is used as an antipyretic, then the maximum duration of therapy is 3 days, and if as an analgesic, then no more than 5 days.
Paracetamol is contained in the following drugs: No-shpalgin, Brustan, Ibuklin, Citramol P, Panoxen, Pentalgin, Rinza, Coldrex, Fervex.
Among antispasmodics, drugs based on drotoverine and papaverine are most often recommended. They have a similar mechanism of action: they relax smooth muscles and dilate blood vessels, which normalizes pressure in the internal organs and clears away stagnant secretions or feces. Antispasmodics are recommended for spasms of the abdominal organs, urinary tract, with spasms peripheral vessels.
Papaverine is not prescribed to babies under 6 months of age. The product is available in the form of a solution, suppositories and tablets of 40 and 10 mg. Adults are advised to drink 40–60 mg 3 or 4 times a day, children from 6 months to 2 years are given half a tablet (5 mg), children 3–4 years old are recommended to take Papaverine 5–10 mg, and children 5–6 years old A small 10 mg tablet is prescribed.
Contraindication to the use of Drotaverine is childhood up to a year. Adults are prescribed 1–2 tablets (dosage 40–80 mg) three times a day, children 1–6 years old, a quarter or half a tablet, children 6–12 years old, half a tablet (20 mg) 2 or 3 times a day.
Myotropic antispasmodics (Papaverine, No-shpa) are used for increased gastric motility and “stomach colic”
List of antispasmodics: No-shpa, Avisan, Spasmocystenal, Bendazole, Duspatalin, Plantex, Spazoverin, Platyfillin. From homeopathic remedies Spaskuprel, Nux vomica gomaccord, Gastrikumel have an antispasmodic effect.
How to normalize the acidity of gastric juice
Hydrochloric acid promotes digestion, has a bacterial effect, triggers the synthesis of hormones that stimulate the secretion of bile, intestinal and pancreatic juice. If too much hydrochloric acid is produced, the walls of the stomach become inflamed, heartburn, sour belching, and digestive disorders appear.
A decrease is also required to ensure functional rest of the pancreas or gall bladder. To neutralize hydrochloric acid, you need to take antacids. Drugs from this group are divided into absorbable and non-absorbable.
The former penetrate the bloodstream and begin to act within 3-5 minutes, the latter are not absorbed into the gastrointestinal tract and reduce the acid level after half an hour. Both of them last no more than 4 hours. A representative of absorbable antacids is Rennie. It contains calcium and magnesium carbonate, which contribute to the rapid neutralization of hydrochloric acid and thereby have protective effect.
Indications for use are heartburn, belching, periodic stomach pain, a feeling of fullness and heaviness in the abdomen, flatulence, and dyspepsia. The medication is prescribed for adults and adolescents over 12 years of age, 1–2 tablets (they need to be chewed). You can take a maximum of 16 tablets per day.
Absorbable antacids also include Vikalin and Vikair. Non-absorbable antacids are considered safer because they do not enter the bloodstream and do not affect internal organs.
Names of drugs from this group: Maalox, Almagel, Gastal, Phosphalugel, Gastratsid, Relzer. Some antacids contain additional components that are designed to protect the gastric mucosa, relieve pain, or remove air bubbles.
Eg, Almagel Neo contains aluminum hydroskid, magnesium hydroxide, simethicone. The drug is prescribed for diseases that occur with increased or normal acidity of gastric juice and with excessive gas formation in the intestines.
Depending on the type of pathology, 1 or 2 sachets of the drug are prescribed four times a day, an hour after meals. The daily dosage is up to 6 sachets, in this quantity you can take the product for no more than a month. In the complex therapy of acid-related diseases, more long acting than antacids. These are H2-histamine receptor inhibitors and proton pump inhibitors.
After taking Almagel Neo, it is not advisable to drink or eat for half an hour
Histamine H2 receptor blockers are divided into 3 generations. The first includes Cimetidine (Histodil, Tagamet), which needs to be taken 3-4 times a day, but it has antiandrogenic activity (suppresses the level of male sex hormones).
Ranitidine (Gistac, Zantac, Zantin, Ranisan) belongs to the second generation; it should be taken 1-2 times a day. It has fewer contraindications and side effects. The most advanced drugs from this group are based on famotidine (Kvamatel, Famocid, Famo, Ulfamid).
Famotidine is available in tablets of 20 and 40 mg. It suppresses the basal production of hydrochloric acid and does not allow histamine, gastrin and acetylcholine to stimulate the production of a new portion of acid. The drug increases the stability of the gastric mucosa, as it increases the formation of protective mucus, the secretion of bicarbonates, and indirectly the drug accelerates tissue regeneration.
After using the medication, the effect is noticeable within an hour and reaches a maximum after three hours. Depending on the severity of the pathology, 1–2 tablets are prescribed 1 or 2 times a day. Proton pump inhibitors suppress the production of hydrochloric acid for a long time. This group of drugs includes capsules Omeprazole (Omez, Zerotsid, Losek, Omegast), Lansoprazole (Lansocap, Lancerol), Rabeprazole (Pariet). They need to be taken once a day.
How to protect the gastrointestinal mucosa
Enveloping drugs, interacting with water, form colloidal solutions that protect the mucous tissues of the esophagus, stomach and intestines from the aggressive effects of hydrochloric acid and enzymes. These funds participate in the normalization of the gastrointestinal tract, as they allow the mucous membrane to recover. For symptomatic treatment Heartburn and pain due to pathologies of the gastrointestinal tract may prescribe the following medications.
Phosphalugel
Reduces the level of hydrochloric acid, has enveloping and adsorbing properties, reduces the aggressiveness of pepsin, binds bile acids. The active substance captures only excess acid, which is due to its buffering properties, while maintaining conditions for normal digestion.
Hydrochloric acid levels change within 30 minutes after taking the product. By stimulating the synthesis of prostaglandins, they increase the secretion of mucus and bicarbonates, which protect the stomach tissue. The medicine is not prescribed to children under 12 years of age. It is recommended to use 1-2 sachets of Phosphalugel 2 or 3 times a day after meals or when heartburn or pain occurs.
Almagel
Contains aluminum hydroxide, magnesium hydroxide. It has an antacid, enveloping, adsorbing effect. Protects stomach tissues, protects them from inflammatory and erosive lesions. The effect after administration appears within 3–5 minutes. The action lasts for three hours (until the stomach is empty).
The drug is prescribed as part of complex therapy for acid-dependent diseases, as well as to reduce stomach irritation during drug treatment. For prevention inflammatory process Prescribe 5-15 ml of suspension 15 minutes before taking medications.
WITH therapeutic purpose Adults and adolescents over 15 years of age take the medicine 5–10 ml of liquid 3 or 4 times a day 60 minutes before meals or at night; children 10–15 years old are prescribed 5 ml. After achieving the desired effect, the dosage is reduced, but use continues for 15–20 days.
Vikair
This combination drug, which has an antacid, antispasmodic, enveloping effect. The bismuth nitrate included in its composition forms a protective film on the gastric mucosa, thereby providing anti-inflammatory, bactericidal and reparative effects.
The medicine also contains calamus (relaxes the muscles) and buckthorn (provides a laxative effect), therefore the passage of feces through the intestines improves. The drug is taken 1–1.5 hours after a meal, 1–2 tablets, frequency of administration – 3 times a day, duration – 30–60 days.
Contains sucralfate, which has an antiulcer effect. By interacting with the proteins of the affected tissue at the site of erosion or ulcer, the product forms a protective layer that long time protects the necrotic area from the aggressive effects of acid and enzymes. The medicine inhibits the activity of pepsin. For the prevention of peptic ulcers, 1 tablet is prescribed twice a day; in case of exacerbation of an ulcer, 1 tablet is prescribed four times a day, half an hour to an hour before meals.
Duration of treatment with Venter – 4–6 weeks
Aluminum hydroxide
Is antacid, has adsorbing and enveloping properties. Neutralizes free hydrochloric acid without causing its secondary hypersecretion. Raises the pH of gastric juice to 3.5–4.5 and maintains it at this level for several hours.
For prophylactic purposes, take 5–10 ml of the suspension before taking aggressive drugs (medicines, alcohol). The drug is prescribed in doses of 0.6–1.2 g (in the form chewable tablets) or 5–10 ml of suspension 1–2 hours after meals. Duration of therapy – from 6 weeks.
De-Nol
The active ingredient is bismuth. After taking the drug, a film forms on the walls of the stomach, which protects the tissues from aggressive substances. In addition, the medicine increases the synthesis of prostaglandin and stimulates the production of mucus and bicarbonates. De-Nol also has a bactericidal effect against Helicobacter.
It is recommended to take 1 tablet 4 times a day half an hour before meals or at night for 4-8 weeks. To restore the mucosa, they can also be used folk remedies. Decoctions and infusions are made from medicinal plants(oats, comfrey, licorice root, flaxseeds), white clay, starch.
Medicines for the stomach and intestines have a number of contraindications and, with long-term use, can cause unwanted side effects. Therefore, before treating the digestive tract with medications, you need to consult a specialist and find out the cause of the pathological process.
