Home Pain in the tooth Human pressure limit. Does the rate of blood pressure in a person change with age: optimal indicators for men, women, children and adolescents

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Human pressure limit. Does the rate of blood pressure in a person change with age: optimal indicators for men, women, children and adolescents

Mankind owes a lot to the Italian Riva-Rocci, who at the end of the century before last came up with a device that measures blood pressure (BP). At the beginning of the last century, this invention was wonderfully supplemented by the Russian scientist N.S. Korotkov, proposing a method for measuring pressure in the brachial artery with a phonendoscope. Although Riva-Rocci apparatus was bulky compared to current tonometers and really mercury, but the principle of its operation has not changed for almost 100 years. And the doctors loved him. Unfortunately, now you can only see it in a museum, because compact (mechanical and electronic) devices of a new generation have come to replace it. And here auscultatory method N.S. Korotkov is still with us and is successfully used by both doctors and their patients.

Where is the norm?

The norm of blood pressure in adults is considered to be the value120/80 mmHg st. But how can this indicator be fixed if a living organism, which is a person, must constantly adapt to various conditions of existence? And people are all different, so within reasonable limits, blood pressure still deviates.

infographic: RIA Novosti

Let modern medicine and abandoned the old complex formulas calculating blood pressure, which took into account such parameters as gender, age, weight, but there are still discounts for something. For example, for an asthenic "lightweight" woman, the pressure is 110/70 mm Hg. Art. considered quite normal, and if blood pressure rises by 20 mm Hg. Art., then she will certainly feel it. In the same way, a pressure of 130/80 mm Hg will be the norm. Art. for the trained young man. After all, athletes usually have it.

Fluctuations in blood pressure will still be influenced by factors such as age, physical activity, psycho-emotional environment, climatic and weather conditions. , perhaps, hypertension would not have suffered if he had lived in another country. How else to understand the fact that on the black African continent among the indigenous population of the AG can be found only occasionally, and blacks in the United States suffer from it indiscriminately? It turns out that only BP does not depend on race.

However, if the pressure rises slightly (10 mm Hg) and only in order to give a person the opportunity to adapt to environment, that is, occasionally, all this is considered the norm and does not give reason to think about the disease.

With age, blood pressure also rises slightly. This is due to a change in blood vessels that deposit something on their walls. In practically healthy people, the deposits are quite small, so the pressure will increase by 10-15 mm Hg. pillar.

If the blood pressure values cross the line of 140/90 mm Hg. st., will steadfastly hold on to this figure, and sometimes also move upwards, such a person will be diagnosed with arterial hypertension of the appropriate degree, depending on the pressure values. Therefore, for adults there is no norm for blood pressure by age, there is only a small discount for age. But with children, things are a little different.

And what about children?

Arterial pressure children have different meanings than adults. And it grows, starting from birth, at first quite quickly, then growth slows down, with some upward jumps in adolescence, and reaches the level of blood pressure of an adult. Of course, it would be surprising if the pressure of such small newborn a child with everything so "brand new" was 120/80 mm Hg. Art.

The structure of all organs of a newly born baby has not yet been completed, this also applies of cardio-vascular system Same. The vessels of the newborn are elastic, their lumen is wider, the network of capillaries is larger, so the pressure is 60/40 mm Hg. Art. it will be the norm for him. Although, perhaps, someone will be surprised by the fact that yellow lipid spots can be found in newborns in the aorta, which, however, do not affect health and disappear with time. But it is, digression.

As the baby develops and the further formation of his body, blood pressure rises and by the year of life the numbers 90-100 / 40-60 mm Hg will be normal. Art., and the child will reach the values of an adult only by the age of 9-10. However, at this age, the pressure is 100/60 mm Hg. Art. will be considered normal and will not surprise anyone. But in adolescents, the normal value of blood pressure is slightly higher than that established for adults 120/80. This is probably due to the hormonal surge characteristic of adolescence. For calculation normal values blood pressure in children pediatricians use special table which we present to our readers.

Age	Normal minimum systolic pressure	Normal maximum systolic pressure	Normal low diastolic pressure	Normal maximum diastolic pressure
Up to 2 weeks	60	96	40	50
2-4 weeks	80	112	40	74
2-12 months	90	112	50	74
2-3 years	100	112	60	74
3-5 years	100	116	60	76
6-9 years old	100	122	60	78
10-12 years old	110	126	70	82
13-15 years old	110	136	70	86

BP problems in children and adolescents

Unfortunately, such a pathology as arterial hypertension is no exception for child's body. The lability of blood pressure is most often manifested in adolescence, when the body is being restructured, but the puberty period is dangerous because a person at this time is not yet an adult, but not a child either. This age is also difficult for the person himself, because often it leads to pressure surges. instability nervous system teenager, and for his parents, and for the attending physician. However, pathological deviations should be noticed and leveled in time. This is the task of adults.

The causes of high blood pressure in children and adolescents can be:

As a result of these factors, vascular tone increases, the heart begins to work with a load, especially its left section. If urgent measures are not taken, a young person can meet his majority with a ready-made diagnosis: arterial hypertension or, at best, one type or another.

Measurement of pressure at home

We have been talking about blood pressure for quite some time, implying that all people know how to measure it. It seems nothing complicated, we put a cuff above the elbow, pump air into it, slowly release it and listen.

Everything is correct, but before moving on to the blood pressure of adults, I would like to dwell on the algorithm for measuring blood pressure, since patients often do it on their own and not always according to the method. As a result, inadequate results are obtained, and, accordingly, the unreasonable use of antihypertensive drugs. In addition, people, talking about upper and lower blood pressure, do not always understand what it all means.

For the correct measurement of blood pressure, it is very important in what conditions a person is. In order not to get "random numbers", pressure is measured in America, observing the following rules:

A comfortable environment for a person whose pressure is of interest should be at least 5 minutes;
Do not smoke or eat for half an hour before the manipulation;
Visit the toilet bladder was not filled;
Take into account the voltage pain feeling unwell, taking medication;
Measure pressure twice on both hands in the prone position, sitting, standing.

Probably, each of us will not agree with this, except perhaps for the military registration and enlistment office or in strict stationary conditions suitable for this measurement. Nevertheless, it is necessary to strive to fulfill at least some points. For example, it would be nice to measure the pressure in calm environment , having comfortably laid or seated a person, take into account the influence of a “good” smoke break or just eaten hearty lunch. It should be remembered that the accepted antihypertensive might not yet have had its effect (little time has passed) and not grab the next pill, seeing a disappointing result.

A person, especially if he is not completely healthy, usually does not cope well with measuring pressure on himself (it costs a lot to put on a cuff!). It is better if one of the relatives or neighbors does it. Very seriously need to treat And to the method of measuring blood pressure.

Video: measuring pressure with an electronic tonometer

Cuff, blood pressure monitor, phonendoscope… systole and diastole

The algorithm for determining blood pressure (N.S. Korotkov's auscultatory method, 1905) is very simple if everything is done correctly. The patient is comfortably seated (you can lie down) and the measurement begins:

Air is released from the cuff connected to the tonometer and the pear, squeezing it with the palms of your hands;
Wrap the cuff around the patient's arm above the elbow (tightly and evenly), trying to keep the rubber connecting tube on the side of the artery, otherwise you can get an incorrect result;
Choose a place to listen and install a phonendoscope;
Inflate the cuff;
The cuff, when air is injected, compresses the arteries due to its own pressure, which is 20-30 mm Hg. Art. above the pressure at which the sounds heard on the brachial artery with each pulse wave completely disappear;
Slowly releasing air from the cuff, listen to the sounds of the artery on the elbow bend;
The first sound heard by the phonendoscope is fixed with a glance on the scale of the tonometer. It will mean a breakthrough of a portion of blood through the clamped area, since the pressure in the artery slightly exceeded the pressure in the cuff. The impact of escaping blood against the wall of an artery is called in Korotkov's tone, top or systolic pressure;
The series of sounds, noises, tones following the systole is understandable to cardiologists, and ordinary people should catch the last sound, which is called diastolic or lower, it is also noted visually.

Thus, contracting, the heart pushes blood into the arteries (systole), creates pressure on them equal to the upper or systolic pressure. Blood begins to be distributed through the vessels, which leads to a decrease in pressure and relaxation of the heart (diastole). This is the last, lower, diastolic beat.

However, there are nuances…

Scientists have found that when measuring blood pressure traditional method its values are 10% different from the true ones (direct measurement in the artery during its puncture). Such an error is more than redeemed by the accessibility and simplicity of the procedure, moreover, as a rule, one measurement of blood pressure in the same patient is not enough, and this makes it possible to reduce the magnitude of the error.

In addition, patients do not differ in the same complexion. For example, at thin people defined values below. And for full ones, on the contrary, it is higher than in reality. This difference can be leveled by a cuff with a width of more than 130 mm. However, there is not only fat people. Obesity of 3-4 degrees often makes it difficult to measure blood pressure on the arm. In such cases, the measurement is carried out on the leg, using a special cuff for this.

There are cases when, with the auscultatory method of measuring blood pressure, in the interval between the upper and lower blood pressure in the sound wave, there is a break (10-20 mm Hg or more), when there are no sounds above the artery (complete silence), but on the vessel itself there is a pulse. This phenomenon is called auscultatory "failure", which can occur in the upper or middle third of the pressure amplitude. Such a "failure" should not go unnoticed, because then more than low value BP (lower limit of the auscultatory "failure"). Sometimes this difference can even be 50 mm Hg. Art., which, of course, will greatly affect the interpretation of the result and, accordingly, the treatment, if any.

This error is highly undesirable and can be avoided. To do this, simultaneously with the injection of air into the cuff, the pulse should be monitored for radial artery. It is necessary to increase the pressure in the cuff to values \u200b\u200bthat sufficiently exceed the level of disappearance of the pulse.

The phenomenon of "infinite tone" well known to teenage, sports doctors and in military enlistment offices when examining recruits. The nature of this phenomenon is considered to be a hyperkinetic type of blood circulation and low vascular tone, the cause of which is emotional or physical stress. In this case, it is not possible to determine the diastolic pressure, it seems that it is simply equal to zero. However, after a few days, in a relaxed state young man, measurement lower pressure presents no difficulty.

Video: traditional pressure measurement

Blood pressure rises ... (hypertension)

The causes of high blood pressure in adults are not much different from those in children, but those who are over ... risk factors, of course, more:

Of course, leading to vasoconstriction and increased blood pressure;
BP clearly correlates with being overweight;
The level of glucose (diabetes mellitus) greatly affects the formation of arterial hypertension;
Excess consumption of table salt;
Life in the city, because it is known that the increase in pressure goes hand in hand with the acceleration of the pace of life;
Alcohol. Strong tea and coffee become the cause only when they are consumed in excessive quantities;
Oral contraceptives, which many women use to avoid unwanted pregnancies;
By itself, smoking might not be among the causes of high blood pressure, but this bad habit too bad effect on blood vessels, especially peripheral ones;
low physical activity;
Professional activity associated with high psycho-emotional stress;
drops atmospheric pressure, changing weather conditions;
Many other diseases, including surgical ones.

People suffering from arterial hypertension, as a rule, control their condition themselves, taking constantly drugs to lower blood pressure, prescribed by a doctor in individually selected dosages. It could be, or. Given the good awareness of patients about their illness, it makes no sense to dwell on arterial hypertension, its manifestations and treatment.

However, everything once begins, and with hypertension. It is necessary to determine: this is a single increase in blood pressure caused by objective reasons (stress, alcohol intake in inadequate doses, some medicines), or there is a tendency to increase it by permanent basis, for example, blood pressure rises in the evening, after a hard day's work.

It is clear that the nightly rise in blood pressure indicates that during the day a person carries an excessive load for himself, so he must analyze the day, find the cause and begin treatment (or prevention). Even more in such cases, the presence of hypertension in the family should alert, since it is known that this disease has a hereditary predisposition.

If high blood pressure is detected repeatedly, even if in numbers 135/90 mm Hg. Art., it is advisable to start taking measures so that it does not become high. It is not necessary to immediately resort to medications, you can first try to regulate blood pressure by observing the regime of work, rest and nutrition.

A special role in this regard belongs, of course, to diet. By giving preference to products that lower blood pressure, you can long time do without pharmaceuticals, or even avoid taking them altogether, if you do not forget about folk recipes containing medicinal herbs.

By compiling a menu of such affordable products as garlic, white and Brussels sprouts, beans and peas, milk, baked potatoes, salmon fish, spinach, you can eat well and not feel hungry. And bananas, kiwi, orange, pomegranate can perfectly replace any dessert and at the same time normalize blood pressure.

Blood pressure is low… (hypotension)

Although low blood pressure is not fraught with such formidable complications as high blood pressure, it is uncomfortable for a person to live with him. Usually, such patients have a diagnosis that is quite common today - vegetative-vascular (neurocirculatory) dystonia of the hypotonic type, when, with the slightest sign adverse conditions, blood pressure decreases, which is accompanied by pallor skin, dizziness, nausea, general weakness and malaise. Patients are thrown into cold sweat, fainting may occur.

There are a great many reasons for this, the treatment of such people is very difficult and lengthy, besides, there are no drugs for permanent use, except that patients often drink freshly brewed green tea, coffee and occasionally take Eleutherococcus tincture, ginseng and pantocrine tablets. Again, the regimen helps to normalize blood pressure in such patients, and especially sleep, which requires at least 10 hours. Nutrition should be high enough in calories, because low blood pressure requires glucose. Green tea has a beneficial effect on blood vessels in case of hypotension, increasing pressure somewhat and thereby bringing a person to life, which is especially noticeable in the morning. A cup of coffee also helps, but be aware of the addictive property of the drink., that is, imperceptibly you can "get hooked" on it.

The complex of recreational activities for low blood pressure includes:

Healthy lifestyle ( leisure sufficient exposure to fresh air);
High physical activity, sports;
Water procedures (aroma baths, hydromassage, swimming pool);
Spa treatment;
Diet;
Elimination of provoking factors.

Help yourself!

If problems with blood pressure have begun, then you should not passively wait for the doctor to come and cure everything. The success of prevention and treatment largely depends on the patient himself. Of course, if suddenly hypertensive crisis happens to be in a hospital, then there they will appoint a blood pressure profile, and pick up pills. But, when a patient comes to an outpatient appointment with complaints of an increased increase in pressure, then a lot will have to be taken on. For example, it is difficult to trace the dynamics of blood pressure from the words, therefore The patient is asked to keep a diary(at the stage of observation for the selection of antihypertensive drugs - a week, during a period of long-term use of drugs - 2 weeks 4 times a year, that is, every 3 months).

The diary can be an ordinary school notebook, divided into graphs for convenience. It should be remembered that the measurement of the first day, although performed, is not taken into account. In the morning (6-8 hours, but always before taking medication) and in the evening (18-21 hours), 2 measurements should be taken. Of course, it will be better if the patient is so careful that he measures the pressure every 12 hours at the same time.

Rest for 5 minutes, and if there was emotional or physical stress, then 15-20 minutes;
An hour before the procedure, do not drink strong tea and coffee, do not think about alcoholic beverages, do not smoke for half an hour (endure!);
Do not comment on the actions of the measurer, do not discuss the news, remember that there should be silence when measuring blood pressure;
Sit comfortably with your hand on a hard surface.
Carefully enter the values of blood pressure in a notebook, so that later you can show your notes to the attending physician.

You can talk about blood pressure for a long time and a lot, patients are very fond of doing this, sitting under the doctor's office, but you can argue, but you should not take advice and recommendations into service, because everyone has their own cause of arterial hypertension, their own accompanying illnesses and your medicine. For some patients, blood pressure lowering drugs are taken for more than one day, so it is better to trust one person - a doctor.

Video: blood pressure in the program “Live Healthy!”

A change in blood pressure can be associated with a lot of things. Perhaps that is why this reason is explained by poor sleep, and the inability to fully work, and increased irritability, and irascibility. Very often you hear the phrases: "In the morning in a semi-conscious state - these are pressure surges" or "The head is breaking, probably, the pressure has risen." But at the same time, few people can answer the question, what is this notorious pressure, and where does it come from?

So, in a nutshell, this is the pressure exerted by the blood flow on the walls of the vessels. It is more correct to call blood pressure (BP) blood pressure, since blood acts on both arteries and veins. This indicator is determined by two values: the volume of a portion of blood pushed out by the heart for a minute, and the resistance exerted on the bloodstream by the blood vessels. If we consider this issue in detail, then everything looks like this:

As a result of the contraction of the heart muscle (systole), a certain amount of blood is ejected into the outgoing from the heart arterial vessels under pressure, which is called systolic, or upper.
Lower, or diastolic, pressure occurs when the heart relaxes (diastole). This indicator is due solely to the resistance of blood vessels.
The so-called pulse pressure, for which the value of the lower one should be subtracted from the value of the upper pressure.

The force of ejection of a portion of blood into the arterial vessels, and the lower one indicates the tone of the muscles of the vascular walls. The degree of their tension is largely due to the content of renin - an active compound that is produced in the cells of the kidneys.

What does blood pressure depend on?

Blood pressure primarily depends on:

The frequency of contractions of the heart muscle and their strength - this determines the ability of blood to circulate through the arterial and venous vessels.
The lumen of the vessels - in some diseases, nervous tension, stresses, there is a sharp (sometimes spastic) narrowing of blood vessels or, conversely, their expansion.
Indicators of blood composition - a number of indicators (for example, coagulability) cause changes that make it difficult for blood to move through the vessels and increase its pressure on vascular walls.
Elasticity of the vascular walls - due to a number of reasons, the walls of the blood vessels wear out and lose their elasticity. At the same time, increased physical activity causes difficulties in blood flow.
Atherosclerotic changes - the load on the vascular walls increases significantly with the formation of specific plaques on them, which is observed with an increased cholesterol content.
The functioning of the endocrine glands - blood pressure can change under the influence of elevated concentrations of hormones. Yes, in case of disruption thyroid gland especially hyperthyroidism, top pressure, as a rule, is increased, while the lower one, on the contrary, decreases.

BP may vary depending on the age of the person, the time of the measurement, psycho emotional state and many more. In addition, more high level metabolism, the need for a significant amount of oxygen, and, consequently, in a large volume of blood, explains the fact that men have higher blood pressure than women.

What is the pressure in a healthy person?

Despite the fact that, as mentioned above, blood pressure indicators are individual, WHO has adopted 130/80 mmHg as the norm. We are used to the fact that the ideal pressure is 120/70, but such numbers are something from the realm of fantasy. Based general condition body, experts came to the conclusion that, regardless of age, normal blood pressure values in humans should not go beyond 140/90.

At a higher pressure, the patient is diagnosed with arterial hypertension, the causes that caused it are found out, and treatment is carried out using medicines. also in without fail necessary:

Set up a daily routine.
Eat properly.
Lead a measured life, if possible without stress and nervous shocks.
Drink alcohol very moderately and generally forget about cigarettes.
Maintain sufficient physical activity.

For the lower indicator of blood pressure in a healthy state, 110/65 mm Hg was taken. At values below this figure, a person begins to feel dizzy, he feels weak, and quickly gets tired. This happens as a result of the fact that in this state the internal organs are not sufficiently supplied with blood, there is a lack of oxygen.

Normally, they differ by a maximum of 5 mm Hg. The difference in values by 10 indicates possible development vascular atherosclerosis, and if the difference is more than 15 - about a serious violation of the functioning of the main vessels.

Does blood pressure change with age?

Previously, the following pressure norm by age was adopted:

From 20 to 40 years old - 120/80 mm Hg.
From 40 to 60 years old - 140/90 mm Hg.
People over 60 years old - 150/90 mm Hg.

But later these standards were revised. Clinical researches proved that with age, a person does not experience a noticeable increase in pressure. Today for adults of all age groups The following indicators are considered normal:

Men - 130/80 mm Hg
Women - 110/70 mm Hg

Nevertheless, some is noted, while in young people aged 16 to 20 years, a decrease in pressure to 110/70 mm Hg is allowed.

Table for determining what pressure is normal for a person

What should be the pressure of a person, can be seen from the following table:

Age	Men	Women
20 years	123/76	116/72
20 to 30 years old	126/79	120/75
30 to 40 years old	129/81	127/80
40 to 50 years old	135/83	137/84
50 to 60 years old	142/85	144/85
over 70 years old	142/80	159/85

Rules for measuring pressure

Blood pressure is measured using a device called a sphygmomanometer. Automatic devices that do not require specific skills are widely used, on which indicators are displayed on the scoreboard. To get the maximum, you must adhere to the following rules:

Before measurement, a person should sit on a chair, lean on its back and put his hand on the same level with his heart.
A person should be as calm as possible, without first experiencing any physical activity.
You should not measure the field of the meal, because at this time the indicators may be overestimated.
When the pressure is measured, the person should not talk or move.

Blood pressure is the force that blood exerts on the walls of arteries, veins, and capillaries to move through vascular system organism.

The formation of pressure involves vascular tone, the volume of blood ejected from the heart muscle at a time, and the heart rate. Deviations in the work of the cardiovascular system lead to an increase or decrease in pressure parameters.

In the process of measuring pulse pressure, two parameters are used:

upper or systolic - blood pressure that occurs at the time of contraction of the left ventricle of the heart;
lower or diastolic pressure is measured while the heart muscle relaxes.

Upper pressure indicates normal heart function, and lower pressure indicates peripheral vascular tone(ability to tension and relax the walls of blood vessels).

Blood pressure norm by age (table)

The norm of blood pressure is an average indicator, optimal for healthy person middle aged. In this case, individual deviations from the norm (from 10 to 20 mm Hg) are allowed, which are not pathologies. It is also taken into account that normal pressure changes throughout the day depending on:

state of the nervous system;
overeating or undereating;
the use of alcoholic beverages, strong tea and coffee;
weather changes;
time of day (during sleep and in the middle of the day, the pressure level is lower, in the morning after waking up and in the evening before going to bed, the indicators increase);
mode and sufficiency of sleep;
emotional state.

Considering physiological features organism, it is recommended to measure the pressure in children and adults at approximately the same time of day, so that the result reflects the correct cyclic conditions of the cardiovascular system.

Age, years	Norm for men, mm Hg.	The norm for women, mm Hg.	Pulse rate, beats min.
1-10	112/70	100/70	90-110
10-20	118/75	115/75	60-90
20-30	120/76	116/78	60-65
30-40	125/80	124/80	65-68
40-50	140/88	127/82	68-72
50-60	155/90	135/85	72-80
Over 70	175/95	155/89	84-85

The norm of pressure in a person varies depending on age. Newborns have the lowest blood pressure levels, around 70/50 mmHg. As the child grows, the norm of indicators of the cardiovascular system grows from 90/60 to 100/70 mmHg. At the same time, children's blood pressure level may also differ from the norm depending on:

date of birth (premature babies have hypotension);
activity of the child (in active children, daily fluctuations in pressure by 23-30 mm Hg are observed);
height (tall children have higher values);
gender (in childhood girls tend to have higher rates than boys).

In adolescence, the following blood pressure indicators are considered normal: upper - from 110 to 136 mm Hg, lower - from 70 to 86 mm Hg, and drops are the result of hormonal changes in the body and an unstable emotional state in the period from 12 to 16 years.

Blood pressure ranges in adults vary depending on individual features from the mark 110/80 to 130/100 mm. rt. Art. With age, older people experience an increase in the norm by 20 units (from 120/80 to 150/90 mmHg). At the same time, the norm for men is slightly higher than for women.

One of the main reasons for the chronic increase in performance is the thickening and increase in the rigidity of the vascular walls. Also related causes pressure changes with age are the following pathologies:

disturbances in the functioning of the mechanisms that regulate the heartbeat (for example, pacemaker, neural network);
defects in the structure of the heart and blood vessels, both congenital (malformation) and acquired (atherosclerosis, vascular thrombosis);
violation of the structure of the walls of blood vessels (develop with diabetes, atherosclerosis, gout);
decrease or increase in vascular tone;
decrease in the elasticity of the vascular walls;
violation of hormonal processes (diseases of the adrenal glands, thyroid gland, pituitary gland, etc.).

Reasons for the increase

Arterial hypertension or hypertension is chronic illness, in which daily high blood pressure is observed, regardless of the emotional state. There are two types of the disease: primary and secondary hypertension.

Primary hypertension is high pressure found in 85-90% of people with circulatory problems. It is believed that the following factors contribute to the development of primary hypertension:

age (after 40 years, the average parameter increases by 3 mm Hg per year);
heredity;
bad habits (smoking and alcohol cause vascular spasms, decrease the elasticity of artery walls and increase the likelihood of a stroke);
poor nutrition (especially the abuse of coffee, salt and products with hydrogenated fats in the composition);
obesity (if the body mass index is more than 25, then there is increased risk development of primary hypertension);
reduced physical activity (lack of regular exercise reduces the adaptive ability of the body to physical and emotional stress);
lack of sleep (the likelihood of developing hypertension increases if you regularly sleep less than 6 hours a day);
increased emotionality and prolonged negative experiences.

Secondary hypertension occurs in 10-15% of patients and is a consequence of the development common diseases. The most common causes of increased pressure in secondary hypertension are as follows:

kidney disease or renal arteries (chronic glomerulonephritis, atherosclerosis of the renal arteries, fibromuscular dysplasia);
endocrine diseases (pheochromocytoma, hyperparathyroidism, acromegaly, Cushing's syndrome, hyperthyroidism, hypothyroidism);
damage to the spinal cord or brain (encephalitis, trauma, etc.).

In some cases, the cause of secondary hypertension is medical preparations such as corticosteroids (dexamethosone, prednisolone, etc.), antidepressants (moclobemide, nialamide), non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, hormonal contraceptives (when used after 35 years).

Symptoms of high blood pressure may not appear for a long time, gradually worsening the condition of the heart, kidneys, brain, eyes and blood vessels. Signs of arterial hypertension in advanced stages of the disease:

headache;
noise in ears;
dizziness;
rapid heartbeat (tachycardia);
"flies" before the eyes;
numbness of the fingers.

High blood pressure can be complicated by a hypertensive crisis - a life-threatening condition (especially in old age), which is accompanied by a sharp jump in pressure (upper - more than 160), nausea, vomiting, dizziness, profuse sweating and disturbances in the work of the heart.

How to reduce pressure

Pressure reduction with medications used when high risk complications of hypertension, namely:

at consistently high parameters (more than 160/100 mmHg);
with a combination of hypertension (130/85) with diabetes, kidney failure, ischemic disease;
with moderate rates (140/90) in combination with pathological conditions excretory, cardiovascular system (high cholesterol, abdominal obesity, atherosclerosis, etc.).

To normalize pressure, several groups of antihypertensive drugs are used, which have different action on the cardiovascular system, namely:

diuretics (dicretics);
calcium channel blockers;
alpha-blockers;
beta-blockers;
drugs acting on the renin-angiotensive system;
drugs that affect the central nervous system;
neurotropic agents.

Drugs for the treatment of hypertension are prescribed depending on the degree of the disease, comorbidities, weight and other indicators, etc.

If the pressure increase is accompanied usual symptoms And feeling unwell, then you can reduce the indicators using the following simple methods:

rest and relax for 15-20 minutes;
conduct breathing exercises(you should inhale for 3 counts, and exhale for 6, while in the process of a long exhalation, the parasympathetic nervous system relaxes, which leads to a decrease in tension and pressure);
lower your arms to the elbow cold water for 4-5 minutes; the same is done for the legs;
apply compress with cold water in the area of the thyroid gland;
lie on the floor and put under collar zone neck roller from a towel, then gently turn your head to the right and left for 2 minutes.

To prevent high blood pressure, it is necessary to normalize weight, eat right, reduce salt and fatty foods, engage in physical activity for at least 30 minutes a day.

Reasons for the decline

Arterial hypotension (hypotension) is a chronically low blood pressure, in which the following parameters are observed: for men it is below the norm of 100/70, and for women it is below 95/60 mm Hg. There are physiological (natural for the body) and pathological hypotension.

The state of hypotension is considered the norm in people with a genetic predisposition, in residents of the highlands and in representatives of some professions with high physical exertion (ballerinas, athletes, etc.).

Hypotension as a chronic disease results from pathological processes in the body (so-called secondary hypotension) or as an independent disease (primary hypotension). The main causes that lead to chronic hypotension:

psycho-emotional stress, vulnerability;
asthenic physique;
neurocirculatory dystonia of hypotonic type;
mitral stenosis;
Iron-deficiency anemia;
lack of B vitamins.

Symptoms of hypotension are often confused with signs of fatigue, nervous strain and lack of sleep. Reduced low pressure manifests itself as follows:

drowsiness, lethargy, lethargy;
headache;
frequent yawning;
lack of vigor after a night's sleep.

The tendency to hypotension often occurs in people who are sensitive to changes in atmospheric pressure, as well as prone to fainting.

How to increase the pressure

You can increase the pressure indicators with the help of means that have a mild stimulating effect on the body. As a rule, alcohol tinctures or tablets from medicinal plants are used:

ginseng;
eleutherococcus;
lemongrass;
rose hip.

Plant-based medicines to eliminate hypotension have a tonic effect and strengthen blood vessels. At the same time, it is necessary to take into account the possibility allergic reactions. The duration of the course of treatment depends on the individual characteristics of the disease.

Medications that raise the level of pressure have different character actions on the body and are divided into groups:

preparations with caffeine in the composition;
CNS stimulants;
alpha-agonists;
anticholinergic drugs;
corticosteroids.

Low blood pressure is associated with a decrease in vascular tone, so people prone to hypotension need to exercise regularly, as regular exercise helps maintain the cardiovascular system in a normal state.

Rules for measuring blood pressure

Measurement of pressure at home is carried out by the auscultatory (sound) method using a mechanical, semi-automatic and automatic tonometer:

The principle of pressure measurement using a mechanical device is to inject air into a compression cuff, after which the appearance and intensity of the sound of the artery is observed using a stethoscope.
The composition of the semi-automatic tonometer includes a special screen on which digital parameters are displayed, while the compression cuff is filled with air manually.
An automatic tonometer does not require additional actions, since air is injected and the measurement takes place automatically after the device is turned on.

The essence of measuring pressure by the auscultatory method is to register arterial tones, which go through several stages:

the appearance of a tone (sound), which means systolic pressure;
strengthening the intensity of tones;
maximum sound amplification;
sound attenuation;
the disappearance of artery tones - the level of diastolic pressure.

The auscultatory method is generally accepted in all medical institutions and is characterized by relatively high accuracy, subject to correct methodology measurements.

General rules for measuring blood pressure at home, which must be followed regardless of the type of tonometer:

Before the procedure, you can not drink coffee and strong tea, smoke and use vasoconstrictor drops (eye, nose).
5 minutes before the measurement must be at rest.
The procedure is performed while sitting, while the back should rest on the back of the chair, and the legs should stand freely.
The compression cuff is worn on the forearm at heart level, while the relaxed arm should lie on the table with the palm up.
Re-measurement of pressure is carried out after three minutes to confirm the result. If a difference of more than 5 mmHg is found after the second measurement, the procedure must be repeated.

Measurement of blood pressure using a compression cuff and a tonometer has a number of disadvantages that can lead to wrong definition the result of the procedure, namely:

the use of a mechanical tonometer requires skills;
displacement of the cuff and phonendoscope on the arm, as well as extraneous noise cause an error;
clothing that squeezes the forearm from above the cuff affects the performance;
the placement of the stethoscope head is incorrect (not in maximum location pulsation at the elbow) leads to distortion of the results.

If normal blood pressure is noted, then measurements are taken at any time of the day. In cases where hypertension or hypotension is observed, it is recommended to monitor blood pressure in the following cases:

after physical or psycho-emotional stress;
with a deterioration in well-being;
in the morning after waking up and before going to bed;
before and after taking drugs that normalize the work of the cardiovascular system.

In the process of treating diseases of the heart, blood vessels and with a tendency to hypo- or hypertension, it is necessary to measure the parameters of the blood circulation daily.

Human health is the main, priceless gift that needs to be protected and appreciated. Over the years, it gradually worsens, and the condition of a person at the age of 30 is already significantly different from the data of 5 years ago. The norm for a person’s pressure is determined by gender and age characteristics. Of particular note is the pressure of 30 years, the deviation of which from the norm may signal the presence various diseases in organism. That is why doctors recommend systematically measuring the pressure in a 30-year-old person and comparing it with normal standards. In particular, in women, such observation allows not only to preserve good health, but also prevent premature wilting.

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A person is interested in what blood pressure is and what it should be at a certain age, usually when deterioration in well-being begins to appear associated with deviations from the norm. At its core, blood pressure is determined by the ratio of the volume of blood that the heart ejects every minute, and the width of the vessel. The blood exerts systolic pressure on blood vessels. In the metrics, it appears first (top). When the heart is relaxed, another pressure arises in the vessels - diastolic or lower pressure.

These indicators are measured in millimeters of mercury, and look like this: 120/80 mm Hg. Art. From this data the pulse pressure can be calculated. To do this, subtract the lower number from the upper number.

How to measure

Finding out what pressure is easy with the help of a special device - a tonometer. The kit includes:

cuff,
cuff air supply device
manometer, which directly measures the air pressure in the cuff.
Stethophonendoscope (stethoscope) or reading electronic device.

In our country, a mechanical and electronic tonometer is used. When measuring with a mechanical device, a person needs to listen intently to the sound from a stethoscope in order to timely determine the boundary impact. For electronic models, it is not necessary to use such a listening tube.

Measurement Rules

A modern woman should have an idea of how to correctly determine blood pressure in order to get an accurate and realistic result. Normal pressure in an adult is measured in a state of complete rest. Otherwise, the indicators will display significant failures in pressure, which will be false.

In order for the arterial current to be determined exactly, you need to follow these rules:

At the age of 35, during the day, all the physiological parameters of the body can change noticeably, so the pressure is measured systematically, at the same time,
Before measuring, you need to rest calmly for several minutes, since the pressure after exercise increases greatly,
An hour before this, you can not smoke, drink coffee, strong tea,
Not measured with a strong urge to urinate,
The cuff should be at the woman's heart level.
During the measurement, silence and silence must be maintained.

Normal pressure in an adult is considered when the indicators for several days are consistently the same and meet health standards.

Norms according to the table

In medicine, it is clearly stated what normal pressure a person should have at a particular age. There is a special table for checking. So, according to her data, up to 20 years of age, blood pressure should be in the range from 110/70 to 120/80. Normal blood pressure at 30 is between 120/70 and 130/80. In adulthood, the normal pressure of a person becomes higher - 140 to 90. And in the elderly, it can reach a rate of about 150 to 90 mm Hg. Art.

But in practice, these indicators are relative. Sometimes normal pressure in an adult (by medical standards) causes a noticeable deterioration in well-being. In this case, the norm should be determined by the person, depending on his personal physiology. So, it happens that a 30-year-old girl feels good only at low rates, which means that it is considered her working pressure.

Over the years, people may develop hypertension or hypotension - an increase and decrease in blood pressure, respectively.

Causes of hypertension

Ideally, the norm of pressure in a person should be maintained in all years. But due to lifestyle modern people maintaining health is not easy. In particular, women in their thirties often develop hypertension. An increase in blood pressure does not occur empty place. Typical reasons can be:

Overweight, obesity
Sedentary lifestyle,
Having bad habits
thyroid problems,
Inflammatory diseases of the kidneys
Constant stress, sleep disturbance.

Causes of hypotension

It is considered normal when a girl feels weak, gets tired quickly. But usually this is not a manifestation of the female essence, but the consequences of low pressure. Hypotension by the age of 30 can develop due to:

Vegetovascular dystonia,
heart disease,
Diseases of the gastrointestinal tract,
stomach ulcers,
Stress, overwork, lack of sleep,
Availability inflammatory processes in organism.

Eliminating these causes will normalize blood pressure and not waste your young age during regular visits to doctors.

pressure in pregnancy

In a young pregnant woman, pressure should always be monitored. At favorable course pregnancy at thirty years before the sixth month there should be no deviations from the usual norm. In the third trimester, the normal limit increases. But the increase should not be more than 10 mm Hg. Art. If this number is much higher, then a woman in a position is urgently sent to additional examinations and tests, up to hospitalization. The appearance of attacks of hypertension during pregnancy can be a signal of various problems, in particular, the development of preeclampsia, kidney damage, and the appearance of seizures.

But in any case, to determine which blood pressure is suitable for a person and which is not, the doctor should, based on the readings of the tonometer and general analysis the patient's health status.

If the pressure indicators deviate in one direction or another, the work of internal organs worsens in a person, discomfort occurs, which negatively affects performance. To avoid hypotension and hypertension, it is necessary to know the norms of human pressure depending on gender, age, general physical condition.

Human pressure depends on gender, age and individual characteristics

Pressure norms by age

Arterial pressure means the force with which blood presses on the vascular walls. Indicators are affected by gender, human constitution, level physical activity, BP figures vary greatly from year to year.

Minor fluctuations in data in a healthy person occur due to stress, overwork, lack of sleep, physical exertion, caffeinated drinks, spicy and salty foods can affect the value.

Basic blood pressure parameters:

Systolic, upper, cardiac - occurs at the time of ejection of blood from the heart. Optimal values- 110-130 mm Hg. Art.
Diastolic, lower, renal - displays the force of pressure in the vessels during a pause in heart contractions. Values should be between 80-89 mmHg.
If you subtract the lower readings from the upper readings, you get the pulse pressure. The average value is 35–40 units.

In addition to blood pressure, an indicator of health is the pulse, which shows the number of heartbeats. In an adult healthy person, the ideal pressure “like that of an astronaut” is 120/80, the pulse is 75 beats per minute. For professional athletes normal performance– 90–100/50–60 mm Hg Art.

The norm of pressure and pulse in men and women

Age (years)	Systolic indicators (mm Hg)	Diastolic indicators (mm Hg. Art.)	Pulse (beats per minute)
0-12 months boys	96	66	130–140
0-12 months girls	95	65	130–140
2-10 boys	103	69	95–100
2–10 girls	103	70	95–100
11-20, boys	123	76	70–80
11–20, girls	116	72	70–80
21-30, men	129	81	60–80
21-30, women	127	80	65–90
31–40 men	129	81	70–80
31–40 women	127	80	75–85
41–50 men	135	83	70–80
41–50 women	137	84	75–90
51–60 men	142	85	65–75
51–60 women	144	84	65–80

In obese people, blood pressure is usually slightly higher than normal, with asthenic physique data below the average. For the elderly, over 60 years old, indicators of 145–150 / 79–83 mm Hg are considered optimal. Art. An increase in values is associated with vascular damage atherosclerotic plaques, the heart muscle wears out, pumping blood worse.

Arterial indicators - the value is purely individual, many people feel good with low and high rates. Therefore, each person needs to know his working pressure, fix the values at which the state of health worsens.

How to calculate pressure?

To find out the optimal pressure indicators, you can use the table, or the special formula of E.M. Volynsky. There are 2 types of standard calculations - with or without body weight.

Calculation formulas:

GARDEN 1=109+(0.5×n)+(0.1×m).
GARDEN 2=109+(0.4×n).
DBP 1=63+(0.1×n)+(0.15×m).
DBP 2=67=(0.3×n).

Where SBP is systolic values, DBP is blood pressure, n is the number full years, m – body weight in kg.

The Volynsky formula is suitable for determining pressure in people aged 17–80 years.

In the absence of pathologies in pregnant women up to 6 months, the pressure should be within the average values, in accordance with age. Under the influence of hormones, deviations of up to 10 units are allowed.

How to measure blood pressure?

I use blood pressure monitors to measure blood pressure. The most accurate is a mechanical tonometer, which is used by doctors. It is difficult to use at home, since special skills are required to correctly listen to Korotkov tones. Automatic models are fixed on the elbow or wrist, they are easy to use, but there is a high probability of measurement errors.

The best option for self-measurement of blood pressure is a semi-automatic tonometer, which differs from the mechanical model only in the absence of a pump, the measurement results are displayed on an electronic screen, the error is minimal.

How to independently measure pressure with a mechanical tonometer:

Sit down, the back should be straight, lean on the back of the chair, put the feet on the floor.
Fix the cuff of the tonometer 3-4 cm above the elbow bend.
Put your hand on the table, it should be on the same level with the line of the heart.
Fix the head of the stethoscope on the cubital fossa, insert the tips into the ears - the heartbeat should be clearly audible.
Rhythmically start pumping air with a pump to a level of 200–220 mm, the cuff should not squeeze the arm too much.
Slowly deflate the cuff, the value at which the first beat of the pulse will be heard indicates systolic blood pressure.
With the disappearance of the pulse beat, the diastolic value of blood pressure is recorded.

After the end of the measurement, it is necessary to calculate the pulse pressure, enter the data in a special diary. To minimize the possibility of error, the procedure should be carried out at the same time, since blood pressure values \u200b\u200bmay differ depending on the time of day.

Basic errors in pressure measurement

To get the correct values, it is necessary not only to use the tonometer correctly, but also to follow some rules.

How to avoid mistakes when measuring blood pressure:

30-40 minutes before the start of the measurement, you need to calm down, sit down or lie down.
Do not smoke or drink caffeinated drinks one hour before the procedure.
You should not measure the pressure immediately after eating - the values \u200b\u200bmay increase by 10-15 units.
Before measuring blood pressure, you should visit the toilet - a full bladder can distort the readings by 6-10 points upward.
While the tonometer is on the arm, you can not speak, move, gesticulate.

Do not drink or smoke before taking blood pressure.

For a more accurate result, measurements should be taken on both hands, measurements should be taken again after a quarter of an hour on that limb, the more tonometer data were higher.

When is it necessary to see a doctor?

For any serious pathological changes in the body there is a change in arterial parameters, the pulse sometimes rises to 150 beats per minute. Doctors treat hypertension and hypotension equally dangerous diseases since each of them can cause complications.

How to recognize hypertension:

frequent bouts of headache that occurs in the occipital region;
dizziness, dark spots before your eyes - unpleasant symptoms occur when the position of the body changes;
increased sweating, lethargy, poor sleep quality;
deterioration of attention, memory, unreasonable attacks of anxiety;
shortness of breath, frequent nosebleeds;
the face is constantly pale or red.

The combination of two or more signs is a good reason to see a doctor. If such symptoms are accompanied by high blood pressure, hypertension is diagnosed. The initial degree of arterial hypertension is an increase in blood pressure to 140-159 / 90-99 mm Hg. Art. for several days in the background general deterioration well-being.

Frequent headaches and high blood pressure may indicate hypertension

With hypotension, a person experiences constant fatigue and apathy, the limbs freeze, sweat, go numb, hypotensive patients almost always react to changes in weather conditions, do not tolerate loud sounds and bright flickering light. Hypotension is accompanied by headache, which is localized in the frontal and temporal region, dizziness, fainting, sharp drops moods. Women experience disruptions in menstrual cycle, men begin to have problems with potency.

With a persistent decrease in performance to the level of 105/65 mm Hg. Art. in adults, and 80/60 units in children, doctors diagnose hypotension.

Blood pressure readings provide valuable information about a person's health status. Any deviations in values in conjunction with dangerous symptoms means that it is impossible to delay a visit to the doctor. Chronic hypertension, hypotension often end in heart attacks, strokes, deterioration of the brain, disability, death.