Eye diseases in dogs are quite common. In the first stages, they are very difficult to notice, so during a regular examination of your pet, it is advised to look not only at the condition of the body, paws, fur, but also examine the eyes: are the pupils enlarged, is there increased tear production, is there any redness? If you notice any abnormalities in your pet, you should contact your veterinarian.
Symptoms and treatment for eye disease in dogs depend on the type of disease. Each disease has its own specific symptoms; among their diversity, one can identify signs that are found in almost any eye disease: swelling of the eye, redness, discharge from the eyes, changes in the color of the pupil.
To prevent many diseases associated with your pet’s eyes, we recommend. They include vitamin A and cornflower flower extract, and also have a disinfectant effect. You can easily wipe your eyes or get rid of a foreign object while walking.
Common eye diseases
There are quite a large number of eye diseases in dogs, the treatment of which is always individual and prescribed. veterinarian after a thorough examination of the pet.
Conjunctivitis
Conjunctivitis is one of the most common eye diseases in both humans and dogs.
The causes of conjunctivitis can be different:
- bacterial infection;
- viral infection;
- allergic reaction;
- chlamydia;
- diverse different types fungal diseases;
- foreign bodies in the eye.
Symptoms of conjunctivitis include:
- the eye changes color, it becomes slightly pinkish or even reddish;
- the tissue around the eyes begins to swell;
- the amount of discharge increases, including tears, and sometimes even pus;
- the animal begins to blink frequently;
- there is itching in the eye area;
- the cornea becomes cloudy.
Treatment for conjunctivitis depends on the underlying cause, e.g. bacterial conjunctivitis, is treated with antibiotics; if the infection is caused by viruses, then with antiviral agents; for a fungal infection, with antifungal drugs; if there is a foreign body, remove it; in case of an allergic reaction, with antiallergic agents.
Cataract
Cataract is an eye disease that can lead to complete blindness if not treated promptly.
This disease is inherited, its causes can also be:
- injuries;
- diabetes;
- age;
- after poisoning.
The main symptoms are that the dog's eye takes on a bluish-gray or cloudy hue. In principle, with age, this phenomenon is considered normal and practically does not threaten the risk of loss of vision, but in any case, the animal begins to see worse.
To prevent the disease from developing further, it is necessary to contact a veterinarian because there is a danger of blocking the natural outflow of fluid, which can lead to blindness.
- Drug treatment is effective only in the early stages of the disease.
- If the dog nevertheless loses its vision due to cataracts, then the lens of the eye is removed through surgery and replaced with a lens that does not cause any discomfort and does not require special care.
Keratitis
Keratitis is light form inflammation of the eye cornea. The causes of this disease are injuries, as well as infectious hepatitis and plague. The main symptoms of keratitis:
- sudden clouding of the cornea;
- avoidance of light;
- excessive tearing;
- purulent discharge from the eyes;
- fusion of connective tissue into the cornea.
In order for the treatment to be successful, one must first determine the cause of this disease; eye rinsing, subcutaneous injections, vitamin drops for the eyes and also intramuscular injections vitamin B6.
Eversion and inversion of eyelids
Eversion and enversion of the eyelids are most often found in dogs among domestic animals. This disease is inherited.
The main symptoms of these diseases are that:
- the pet blinks frequently,
- if you press the surface on the pet's eye, it feels unpleasant, painful sensations;
- observed increased secretion liquids.
Thus, when the eyelid is everted, the eye is deprived of its natural protection against foreign bodies entering the eye area and the eye cannot be as well moisturized as before.
When the eyelids turn up, the eyelashes often grow together.
Treatment of eye disease of this nature in dogs occurs with the help of surgery, as well as with the use of antibacterial drugs, antiseptics, and hormonal therapy.
Blepharitis
Blepharitis — This is an eye disease with redness and swelling of the eyes. With this disease, purulent formations appear, which become crusted over time.
This disease requires urgent treatment as it very often occurs in combination with other pathological conditions. Antibiotics, antimicrobial and antiallergic drugs are used as treatment.
Blepharospasm
With blepharospasm, the dog begins to blink non-stop, there are other associated symptoms, For example:
- inflammation and swelling of the area around the eyes;
- pain;
- fear of light;
- secretion of inflammatory fluid.
The disease itself is not dangerous for the dog, but you should still be wary as it is a disease: it is secondary. It is imperative to find the root cause of this disease; treatment comes down to what is eliminated primary disease, that is, the cause of blepharospasm.
Glaucoma
Glaucoma is colloquially known as “green glaucoma,” occurs in dogs more often than in other pets, and is considered primarily a disease of the eyes of older animals. The main signs are:
- increased production of tears;
- the eyeball increases in volume;
- eyes hurt;
- the pet’s mood deteriorates and appetite disappears;
- he loses orientation in space;
- afraid of the light.
There are factors that contribute to the occurrence of glaucoma, for example:
- age of the dog;
- her breed;
- genetic predisposition;
- Availability chronic diseases such as diabetes;
- eye injuries.
When diagnosing glaucoma, animals are often prescribed drops that reduce the pressure inside the eye, thereby returning it to normal limits. Glaucoma does not always lead to blindness; if the disease is recognized in time, the dog takes medications prescribed by the doctor throughout its life. If the disease has already led to blindness or visual function is already impaired, then surgery, during which an eye implant is inserted.
Diagnosis of eye diseases in dogs
To make a correct diagnosis use different methods diagnostics:
- ultrasound examination eyeball;
- examination of the eye using a microscope;
- measuring pressure inside the eye;
- examination of the retina and optic nerve;
- X-ray;
- conducting a test for the patency of the nasolacrimal ducts.
Prevention
As a preventive measure eye diseases and their early appearance is necessary:
- Make sure that while swimming, as little shampoo as possible gets into your eyes, as this leads to irritation of the mucous membrane;
- if the dog has long hair, it is necessary to protect it from getting hair in the eyes;
- try to protect the animal from damage to the eyes and various injuries;
- use prophylactic eye drops;
- If your pet has allergies, take antiallergic medications regularly;
- ensure that the cornea of the eyes is constantly moisturized; if necessary, you can use special drugs;
- In case of injuries, it is recommended to treat the wounds with antiseptic agents in order to avoid further inflammation.
Owners of pets, including dogs, must take responsibility for any changes in the behavior and health of their pet. Watch him and if you notice any signs that your pet’s vision is improving, that his eyes are inflamed, redness has appeared in the eye area, the secretion of tears or any other fluids has increased, then you should immediately pay attention to this and contact seek professional help from a veterinarian.
After all, he is the one who can make the correct diagnosis and tell you how to treat eye disease in a dog. Upon appointment medicines It is imperative to follow the dosage indicated by the veterinarian and, if necessary, wash regularly.
In any case, do not forget about preventive measures that help avoid early onset diseases and prevents their occurrence. Love your pet and remember that the quality of his life depends only on you.
Canine diseases affecting the organs of vision do not always occur clearly. Owners may not notice the pathology in the early stages, so such ailments often develop until serious symptoms. Only an attentive dog breeder is able to distinguish the deviation at the very beginning of its appearance.
Redness and unusual discharge from the eyes are the first signs that something is wrong with your pet’s vision. If they are detected, you must immediately contact a veterinarian. Timely diagnosis will allow you to cure the dog before irreparable complications arise.
Eye diseases in dogs can be of 3 types:
- Infectious– occur when infected with viruses, bacteria, etc. primary disease or a complication of infection of another organ.
- Non-infectious– mechanical damage, neoplasms, inflammation due to improper eyelash growth, eversion of the eyelids.
- Congenital– characteristic of some breeds, for example, Shar Pei. Includes eversion, entropion of the eyelids, deformations of the eyes and lenses. Mostly corrected surgically.
Each disease has a characteristic description, diagnostic methods and treatment.
Blepharospasm
Blepharospasm in a dog in the photo
Symptoms of blepharospasm in dogs
Blepharospasm - voluntary rapid contraction muscle tissue century It is quite simple to recognize this disease in a dog by rapid blinking, almost without stopping. In addition, the area around the eyes and the eyelids themselves swell noticeably. Touching them causes pain in your pet.
Exudate—liquid—accumulates in the corners of the eyes. Photophobia is observed - the animal begins to hide from light sources, go into the shadows on the street, constantly lowers its head and squints.
The pathology is not dangerous in itself, but indicates the presence of infection or inflammation in the body. Often the cause is spasm trigeminal nerve. Treatment is selected based on the original source. You cannot choose therapy for blepharospasm on your own.
Keratitis
This is what keratitis looks like in dogs
In the photo there is an eye disease - keratitis
Keratitis is inflammation of the eye cornea. The disease causes significant discomfort to the dog and threatens serious complications on the visual system. Keratitis occurs due to mechanical injuries, burns, acute vitamin deficiencies, infectious diseases (hepatitis, enteritis, plague), allergic reactions. They can also affect dogs with diabetes mellitus and weakened immune and endocrine systems. In rare cases, it develops at the genetic level.
Keratitis can be determined by swelling of the eye and conjunctiva, cloudy cornea and the lens, purulent discharge of white, yellow and gray shades. There is profuse lacrimation and photophobia. The white becomes red, the eye membrane becomes rough. There may be frequent blinking in an attempt to clear vision. Symptoms appear within 2-4 hours of infection or injury.
Keratitis threatens the development of glaucoma, cataracts, and loss of vision. Treatment depends on the cause of the appearance. General procedures for all forms of pathology are washing with a solution of furatsilin or another antiseptic, drops of levomecithin, application of erythromycin ointment, a course of oral antibiotic. Pain relief injections may be prescribed and hypoallergenic diet. On average, treatment gives effect in 1-2 months.
Photo of third eyelid prolapse in a dog
Signs of third eyelid prolapse
Third eyelid prolapse is often called “cherry eye.” With this disease, the eyeball turns red and swells, becoming like a ripe cherry. The third eyelid at this time loses its tone and gathers into a “rag” towards the corner of the eye. Bilateral prolapse is extremely rare; the disease usually affects one eye. The causes may lie in infections, but more often they are hereditary. Spaniels, bulldogs and hounds are especially susceptible to the pathology.
Prolapse is dangerous due to inflammation of the conjunctiva and corneas, as it interferes with the normal hydration of the eye. Prolapse of the third eyelid can only be corrected surgically. Moisturizing drops are prescribed as maintenance therapy.
Conjunctivitis
Symptoms of conjunctivitis in dogs
Conjunctivitis in a dog in the photo
Conjunctivitis is the most common eye infection in dogs. It is expressed in dysfunction of the conjunctival mucosa and often carries infectious nature. In addition, the causes may be allergies, viruses, blockages tear ducts, injury foreign body, irritation due to drooping eyelids or ingrown eyelashes.
The symptoms are pronounced: the conjunctiva turns red, swells, discharge of tears and pus appears, the third eyelid may swell, mild squinting and frequent blinking may occur. The dog begins to rub his eye with his paw, becomes restless and whines.
Treatment includes antibacterial drugs, applying tetracycline ointment and instilling special drops.
Cataract
This is how cataracts appear in dogs
Signs of cataracts in the photo
Cataract is expressed in severe clouding of the lens of the eye, its swelling and increased intraocular pressure. The disease may appear due to exposure to toxic substances, tissue wear and tear with age, or be congenital. Cataracts are dangerous due to complete or partial loss of vision as a result of rupture of the tissues of the eyeball.
Drug treatment is practiced (viceine drops, catachorma, vitamin compositions), but is considered ineffective. The result is achieved only surgical intervention followed by maintenance therapy.
Blepharitis
Blepharitis in a dog in the photo
Manifestation of blepharitis in a dog
Blepharitis is often combined with other eye pathologies and reflects serious infections. It must be treated urgently in accordance with the cause. The veterinarian may prescribe antibiotics, antimicrobial or antiallergic medications, compresses and saline washes. Therapy is individual in each case.
Ectropion and entropion
Entropion of the eyelid (entropion) in a dog
In the photo there is entropion in a dog (entropion of the eyelid)
Ectropion and entropion – medical names eversion and inversion of the eyelids. Both diseases usually develop in parallel, so they are practically not separated. They are expressed in a change in the shape of the eyelids (turning outwards or inwards), loss of their natural functions. When eversion occurs, the eyeball is left without moisture and protection from germs. When curled, the eyelashes irritate the pupil and can grow into the protein tissue. In both cases, the dog begins to blink constantly, profuse lacrimation occurs, and the animal experiences pain.
Treatment is surgical when the dog is an adult, when its growth has stopped. In the early stages and during recovery after surgery, medical support is provided with hormones, antiseptics, and moisturizing drops.
Shar-Peis, Staffordshire Terriers, Dachshunds, Great Danes, Newfoundlands, St. Bernards, Basset Hounds, Great Danes, Spaniels and Ridgebacks are particularly susceptible to the disease.
Dermatitis of the century
Eyelid dermatitis in a dog in the photo
Manifestation of eyelid dermatitis in a dog
Dermatitis is not considered independent eye disease, but often develops into more serious pathologies. At its core, dermatitis is an inflammation of the skin on the outside of the eyelids. They turn red and become covered with moist areas (sometimes with pus and unpleasant smell), peel off.
The eyes gradually turn sour, swell, and the conjunctiva becomes infected with pathogenic organisms. It often appears in dogs with long hair, overhanging folds of forehead skin and floppy ears.
Treatment with antibiotics in the form of tablets or injections and ointments, antimicrobial drops is necessary. Rinsing with sterile solutions is also carried out. The fur from the ears, forehead and eyelids is carefully trimmed; some pets require a collar to prevent eye scratching.
Corneal ulcer
The dog has a corneal ulcer
Signs of Corneal Ulcers in Dogs
One of the most common eye diseases in dogs. Also has a name ulcerative keratitis. It is expressed in inflammation of the upper layer of the epithelium of the eyes. The fabric becomes thinner, wears out, becomes covered with ulcers, gradually growing into one big wound. All layers of the epithelium are affected.
Watery eyes appear, pus is released, the outline of the pupil blurs, and the white of the pupil turns red. The color of the cornea may change. The dog begins to squint, close its paws and lower its eyes. It may develop into a chronic form.
Occurs due to physical damage to the skin, infection, burns chemicals, as complications of acute conjunctivitis, volvulus and neoplasms. It is rarely hereditary.
Treatment ranges from surgical excision of the affected tissue to conservative treatment. Medication methods take up to six months, drugs are selected strictly individually.
Lens luxation
Symptoms of lens luxation in a dog
The photo shows a dislocated lens
Lens luxation (or luxation) involves displacement of the corresponding part of the eye from the hyaloid fossa. Dislocation can be partial or complete. It occurs for genetic reasons, due to glaucoma, cataracts or as a complication of severe injuries and infections. May lead to loss visual function, therefore it is considered serious illness. Different types of terriers are most susceptible.
Dislocation occurs after the ligaments of the lens and ciliary line are torn. The pupil becomes deformed, shifts away from the center and swells, and the shape of the apple may change. The movement of fluid in the ocular body is disrupted.
Treatment is carried out surgical correction. The more early stage diseases – the more positive the prognosis for saving the eye. After removal of the lens, an intraocular lens implant is placed. In rare cases, implantation of the entire eyeball is indicated.
Eyeball luxation
The dog suffered a dislocated eyeball
This is how a dislocated eyeball manifests itself in a dog.
It consists in the exit of the eyeball from the orbit behind the eyelid completely or partially. Caused by mechanical damage to the bones of the head and temples, large muscle tension as a result of the shallow depth of the bony orbit.
The apple extends far beyond its natural boundaries, the conjunctiva swells, dries out, and takes the form of a hanging cushion. Such a dislocation threatens with blindness, ulcers, and necrosis of eye tissue. Often found in Pekingese, Japanese Chins and similar breeds.
As first aid for loss, it is suggested to carefully irrigate the apple with a solution of furatsilin or novocaine to reduce pain and prevent drying out. It is corrected surgically under anesthesia after excision of the eyelid adhesion. A fixing suture is applied, which is removed after a few days. Then corticosteroid therapy is used to relieve inflammation.
Treatment of eye diseases in dogs
How to treat eye diseases in dogs - the question individual approach. Only a thorough diagnosis gives a complete picture of the causes, forms of the disease, possible methods fix the problem.
Ointments and drops are used to treat various eye diseases. Treatment of eye diseases in dogs is carried out with different drugs, but has general principles:
- for applying binders and antiviral ointments bandages are used;
- before instilling drops, the eyes are washed to remove pus and other secretions (tea brewing or saline solution works well);
- antibacterial drugs are most often administered intramuscularly after testing for sensitivity to medications of the selected group;
- at acute forms inflammation, antibiotics and anti-inflammatory drugs are combined.
Important. Dogs' eyes are very sensitive to drops, so dosages and precautions must be observed. In case of a moderate course of the disease, it is enough to drip 2-6 times a day, in case of acute disease – up to 10 times. The number of drops is determined only by the doctor.
It is also important to wear a collar or socks on the paws to prevent the dog from scratching its sore eyes. With purulent discharge, a diet with a minimum of fermentation products will not harm. Clean pieces of bandage, cotton pads or lint-free swabs are suitable for washing the eyes.
Daily careful monitoring of your pet’s condition and regular hygiene are the key to the health of his eyes. Detection warning signs at the first stages of its appearance, it will allow you to cure the dog as quickly as possible, preserving its full vision. Genetic predisposition must be found out when purchasing a puppy by asking the breeder or previous owner about the medical history of the dog’s parents and relatives.
We offer you to watch a video in which a veterinarian talks about eye diseases in animals. We wish you pleasant viewing!
Pus coming out of dog eyes is a common problem. It can be triggered by allergies, irritation, infection, microtrauma and even small mites.
With all these pathologies, the eyes itch. As a result, the dog rubs them with his paws, further intensifying discomfort. The first question of a loving owner: if a dog’s eyes fester, how to treat it at home and help his tailed friend?
The disease is conventionally divided into three stages: initial, moderate and severe.
- At the first stage, the eyes water, sometimes the liquid does not flow out, but only wets the fur near the eyes. A little later it dries out, turning into small crusts.
- At the second stage, the pus is already clearly visible. If there is no treatment at this point, a severe stage occurs.
- The eyes stick together due to dried secretions and do not open. The dog feels unwell, does not get up, does not eat, and is not interested in walks. Inflammation spreads not only to the eyelids, but also to the entire area around the eyes.
The dog's eyes are festering. How to treat at home
It is advisable to provide assistance to a four-legged patient at the first stage of the disease. But measures to home treatment effective even in advanced cases.
- First you need to rid the animal of the crusts that are interfering with treatment. To do this, you can take a cotton or gauze swab and soak it in warm water. boiled water and rub the dog's eyes. You will have to do this several times until the crusts get wet and fall off.
- At the second stage, inflammation is stopped. Simple ones will help here folk remedies, which are often recommended by veterinarians: a decoction of chamomile, St. John's wort or calendula, black or green tea. Herbs will eliminate swelling and redness, slightly narrow the blood vessels, and reduce discharge. You can also use a solution of furatsilin prepared according to the instructions.
You need to wipe the animal’s eyes carefully but confidently, covering not only the outer but also the inner eyelid. It's okay if the liquid gets into your eyes, it won't cause any harm to them, but it will additionally flush them. The other eye needs a new swab to prevent bacteria and debris from transferring from one eye to the other. At the end of this stage, you need to dry the dog’s eyelids with a towel or napkin.
- At the third stage you will need medications. There are special ones for animals veterinary drugs, including ophthalmological ones. But ordinary human drops and ointments are also suitable for pets. The two most applicable methods in this situation are:
- Tetracycline ointment;
- Drops of sodium sulfacyl (sulfacetamide, albucid).
Ointment has a similar effect. It does not sting the eyes, but due to its viscous structure, it prevents the dog from fully seeing, enveloping the mucous membrane with a veil. The ointment is applied under the eyelid with light massaging movements. Some dog owners treat their pets with both remedies, first using drops, then, after the eyes dry out, using ointment.
When using any medication, it is important to prevent your dog from rubbing his eyes. You need to hold her in your arms for a while, calm her down and distract her from scratching.
Relapse Prevention
To avoid having to repeat the treatment, you need to follow simple but important rules:
- Regularly bathe your dog with repellent shampoos;
- Long-haired animals should have their bangs cut;
- Carefully examine your eyes once a week;
- Keep the dog's place clean.
When there are several animals in the house, and the eyes of only one are festering, treatment should be carried out on all pets. If suppuration recurs frequently, the animal must be shown to a specialist.
Many eye diseases in dogs are dangerous. Some are characteristic of puppies and young animals, others develop with age. If your dog has discharge from the eyes or increased lacrimation, pay attention to this.
Symptoms
Most of all, these manifestations occur in young individuals or even puppies; sometimes throughout their lives they can occur in representatives of certain breeds.
Another set of symptoms that a dog is sick is clouding of the pupil or the appearance of white spots on the iris, inflammation or swelling of the tissue around the eyes, and depressions on the eyeball.
Occasionally, an uncharacteristic neoplasm occurs; eye nystagmus can be noticeable, manifested in trembling of the iris.
The development of photophobia is also one of the symptoms, when an animal hides from bright light and prefers dark places in the house. There is a risk of vision loss.
Among puppies, there are cases of entropion of the eyelid, more often the lower one. Eyelashes touch the cornea and cause irritation and tearing, and there is a risk of developing corneal cancer. In representatives of breeds with skin hanging from the muzzle, the lower eyelid, on the contrary, turns out. The cause may be a birth defect, injury, or loss of muscle tone.
Find the answer
Do you have any problem or question? Enter “Breed” or “Name of the problem” into the form, press Enter and you will find out everything about the issue that interests you.If edema is detected and initially transparent discharge appears, gradually turning purulent, the symptoms are conjunctivitis. The disease represents inflammation of the mucous membrane of the eyeball and eyelid. In the case of thick, cloudy discharge, the cause is highly likely to be an infection.
In some breeds, clouding of the surface layers of the cornea, called pannus, occurs. Outwardly, it most closely resembles a thin film of a pinkish tint.
In addition to the list of symptoms, there are a number of diseases:
- Benign tumor of the third eyelid;
- Violation of intraocular pressure, inflow and outflow of fluid (glaucoma);
- Corneal ulcer;
- Lens luxation;
- Dislocation of the eyeball;
- Progressive retinal atrophy.
Video
Treatment Options
If there is increased tear production, it is necessary to determine the source of irritation and eliminate it. Washing of the eyes and nasolacrimal duct is indicated; in some cases, antibiotics may be prescribed.
Sometimes there are extra eyelashes that can irritate the eye. It's worth removing them surgical method, otherwise the situation will worsen with age. 
Eyelid surgery is necessary for both inversion and inversion. Surgery is necessary to prevent infection.
Treatment of conjunctivitis begins from the moment the cause is excluded. The next stage of treatment is antibiotics in the form of drops or ointments, for example, the well-known tetracycline.
When treating adenoma (tumor) of the third eyelid, antibiotics and anti-inflammatory drugs are used. The main form of treatment for the disease will be surgery, for lens luxation, glaucoma and cataracts.
Sometimes a serious problem occurs for the animal in the form of eyeball loss as a result of injury. To save vision, you need to urgently replace the eyes, apply a cold compress to the damaged area and show the dog to the veterinarian.
Keratitis is serious illness for the dog. Inflammation of the cornea can deprive it of vision, so it is necessary to go to the clinic. 
Pannus (corneal clouding) is not cured permanently, but drug treatment necessary. Sometimes surgery may be indicated.
Retinal atrophy is a genetic problem. Over time, retinal cells gradually die, so vision loss is inevitable.
Trichiasis in dogs
Trichiasis is a condition where hair from the eyelids or muzzle gets into the eye, coming into contact with the conjunctiva and cornea. Trichiasis can be primary or secondary.
Primary occurs in dogs with medial inversion of the eyelids and a large nasolabial fold. Trichiasis occurs in the following breeds: Pekingese, Pugs, English Bulldogs, English Cocker Spaniels, Chow Chows, Shar Peis.
Clinical picture. During a clinical examination of the dog, a veterinarian notes lacrimation, hair in contact with the cornea causes him to blink, constant discharge from the eyes, symptoms of keratoconjunctivitis, inflammation of the skin in the area of the nasolabial fold.
The diagnosis is made based on the detection of hair in contact with the cornea, provided there is no other pathology.
Trichiasis is differentiated from keratoconjunctivitis sicca, entropion and eversion of the eyelids, dystrichiasis, and ectopic eyelashes.
Treatment of the disease is surgical. Temporary improvement can be achieved by trimming the hair that gets into the eye.
Turning of the eyelids in an animal
Entropion is a pathology in which part of the organ turns inward towards the eyeball. The inversion can be either upper or lower, one-sided or two-sided.
Unilateral inversion of the eyelid margin most often appears due to heredity and appears in the first year of the animal’s life. Congenital entropion occurs in puppies after the eyes open in some breeds with excessively folded skin on the head (chow chow, shar pei).
In this disease, the eyelashes, fur and skin of the eyelid rub against the surface of the cornea, causing inflammation and irritation. Clinical picture.
During a clinical examination, the veterinarian notes the leakage of liquid secretion from the eye, photophobia (to an electric light bulb, the sun), the dog rubs its eyes with its paw, blinking, and there may be an eye tic. Treatment. Treatment of entropion of the eyelids is surgical.
Eversion of the eyelids
When the eyelids are everted, the edge of the eyelid turns outward and the mucous membrane (conjunctiva) is exposed. This pathology occurs in dogs with an overly large palpebral fissure and excess, easily removable skin in the head area.
Cause. Mechanical eversion of the eyelids occurs as a result of pathological changes in the eyelid itself, with tissue scarring after injury or surgery. Paralytic ectropion occurs as a result of facial paralysis.
Clinical picture. During a clinical examination, the veterinarian notes incomplete closure of the eyelids, discharge, and inflammation of the conjunctiva.
Treatment. Treatment for pathology should be aimed at eliminating the cause that caused and maintains the eversion of the eyelids (removal of a neoplasm, conjunctivitis, facial paralysis, surgical removal).
Purulent conjunctivitis
Purulent conjunctivitis develops due to the entry of various pathogenic microorganisms into the conjunctiva. Purulent conjunctivitis is one of the symptoms of canine plague.
During a clinical examination, a veterinary specialist notes redness and swelling of the conjunctiva of a sick animal, and the dog’s eyes fester.
For this form of conjunctivitis, use eye drops and ointments containing antibiotics.
Wide Application Finds tetracycline eye ointment, Tsiprovet drops. Before using eye drops and eye ointment, the affected eyes must be cleared of exudate.
Diseases of the cornea in animals
Keratitis is a disease of the cornea. Common types of keratitis in dogs include:
- Purulent superficial keratitis.
- Vascular keratitis.
- Purulent deep keratitis.
Causes of keratitis:
- Mechanical injuries.
- Burn damage to the ocular surface.
- Hypovitaminosis state.
- Infectious diseases(canine distemper, parvovirus enteritis in dogs, infectious hepatitis in dogs). Invasive diseases eye (dirofilariasis).
- Diseases endocrine system(diabetes).
- Weakening of the immune system.
- Genetic predisposition.
- Allergic reactions.
Clinical picture
During a clinical examination, a veterinarian notes in a sick animal:
- Profuse lacrimation from the affected eye.
- Cloudiness of the eye cornea.
- Photophobia.
- Swelling.
- The sclera and conjunctiva are hyperemic.
- They come from the eye purulent discharge.
- Gray, yellow and white spots appear in the cornea area.
- Redness of the white of the eyes and mucous membranes.
- The ocular membrane is rough.
- The dog blinks frequently.
- Dark smudges appear in the inner corner of the diseased eye.
The dog becomes nervous, restless or lethargic and depressed, trying to hide from the light, constantly rubbing its eyes with its paws. If keratitis in a dog is not treated in time, the disease begins to progress, inflamed blood vessels grow into the eye cornea, as a result it becomes lumpy and thickened.
Consequences of keratitis. Keratitis for a dog is fraught with the development of complications such as the development of glaucoma, cataracts, and corneal perforation. Partial or complete loss of vision.
Treatment of keratitis depends on the cause that caused the keratitis, on the factors that provoked its development. Based on this, the clinic’s veterinary specialist prescribes treatment for the dog.
For all forms of keratitis in a sick dog, the lacrimal sacs are washed daily with solutions of furatsilin, rivanol, boric acid which have an antiseptic effect.
Treatment of each type of keratitis is strictly individual. At superficial keratitis The dog is prescribed chloramphenicol drops or sodium sulfacid, injections of novocaine and hydrocortisone.
At purulent forms For keratitis, a sick dog is treated with antibiotics. Oletterin or erythromycin ointment is applied to the affected eye.
For allergic keratitis, treatment begins with eliminating the effect of the allergen on the body and prescribing a special hypoallergic diet. Antihistamines are used.
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Eye diseases in dogs are among the most common. The condition of the eyes and auxiliary organs is a clear diagnostic sign. Thus, inflammation of the conjunctiva accompanies many infectious diseases.
For diagnosis, examination, special devices and tests are used. But owners can also identify eye diseases in a dog - the presence of discharge, swelling, the dog vigorously rubs its muzzle with its paw, the eye does not open.
Scheme for studying eye diseases in dogs
The ophthalmological examination should be methodical and complete. If you do not complete it completely and do not specifically look for the cause of the disease, you will not be able to identify it.
- Vision and symmetry of the eyes are determined at a distance (including strabismus, which evaluates the condition of the III, IV, VI pairs of cranial nerves).
- The blinking and protective reflex evaluates the state of the II, V, VII pairs of cranial nerves.
- Accessory organs of the eye: examine the eyelids, third eyelid, conjunctiva, eyelashes.
- Turn off the light and use the ophthalmoscope. The pupillary reflex (PR) is checked, and then the cornea and anterior chamber are examined on one and then on the other side.
- Pupillary reflex.
- Cornea: vessels, pigmentation, edema, lipid/calcium deposition, scars, ulcers.
- Anterior chamber: check the anterior chamber for the presence and size of pathological changes. Then the iris is examined. Do not forget to check the aqueous humor for the presence of pathological inclusions.
- The pupils are dilated, and then the lens and fundus of the eye are examined. Initially, according to indications, a Schirmer tear test is performed. The Schirmer tear test should be performed before any drops are administered to the eye. The pupil is not dilated if the animal has glaucoma or signs of lens luxation (aphakic disc or vitreous in the anterior chamber). If glaucoma is suspected, intraocular pressure is measured. In general, if the eye is not painful and the pupil is not impaired, then the pupils can be dilated.
- Other tests: While waiting for pupil dilation, other tests may be performed, such as fluorescein testing, cytology, tear duct catheterization, and obstacle avoidance test.
- Fundus examination: check for opalescence. Then a retinal examination is performed.
The dog lost his sight
Blind eyes may appear completely healthy; in such cases, additional tests are necessary. Most ophthalmic disorders are not pathognomonic of any etiological agent. Even if the structure causing blindness is identified, additional tests are needed to clarify the ethnology.
The first step in diagnosing possible vision loss is confirmation of blindness. This requires observations of the animal’s movement in the examination room and its overcoming of obstacles. From a distance, you can evaluate the symmetry of the dog’s orbits, vision and the condition of the II, III, IV, VI pairs of cranial nerves. Assessment of visual function includes:
- whether the animal can maneuver around the room or whether it moves cautiously and bumps into objects;
- it looks at the objects it hears;
- vision can be assessed with further examination.
Video - loss of vision in a Chihuahua dog
Functional tests and tests
Throw a cotton ball in front of the dog and see if it follows the ball as it falls. You can test different fields of vision by throwing a cotton ball from behind the animal in different directions. If necessary, night and day vision can be tested by walking the animal through obstacles at the end of the examination.
Obstacle test - the animal is put through obstacles in both a lighted and dark room. If an animal has signs of nyctalopia (night blindness), it may develop progressive retinal atrophy - inherited in an autosomal recessive manner, characterized by an increase in tapetum reflectivity, attenuation of retinal vessels, a decrease in non-tapetal pigmentation, night blindness with progressive day blindness and the formation cataracts.
To avoid air currents, place a plexiglass plate in front of the animal or make vertical movements with your hand. Vision is also assessed by visual reactions and postures. You can place the animal in front of the table and encourage it to move towards the table. If it sees a table, it will approach it and place its forelimbs on the table.
Inflammation of the conjunctiva
Eye discharge, either serous or purulent, indicates irritation (eg, viral, bacterial, injury, etc.). They can also be caused by blocked tear ducts. Please note: purulent discharge is not pathognomonic for bacterial infection. Any chemotactic stimulus to neutrophils can cause purulent discharge.
Most common reason conjunctivitis - mechanical injuries, irritations of various types caused by foreign bodies, acids, alkalis and gases, pyogenic microorganisms entering the conjunctival sac, as well as complications of blepharitis and keratitis.
Mucus discharge may indicate keratoconjunctivitis sicca (KKS).
Edema of the conjunctiva
Chemosis and conjunctival edema indicate acute irritation due to chemicals, foreign body, trauma, etc.
In case of severe swelling due to chemosis of the conjunctiva, a mixture of 0.5 ml of a 0.5% solution of novocaine and 0.1-0.2 ml of hydrocortisone is injected under the conjunctiva of the sclera.
Eyelid diseases in dogs
Pathologies of eyelashes
Pathologies of eyelash growth: magnifying devices are used to identify pathologies of eyelash growth.
- Districhiasis: Abnormally positioned eyelashes growing from the meibomian gland duct (eyelid margin). Looks like a double row of eyelashes, where one or more eyelashes grow from the openings of the meibomian glands and are directed towards the eyeball.
- Trichiasis: A condition where the hair grows normally, but is perpendicular to the eye and touches it (for example, folds on the face). If pigmentation in the medial corner of the eye is detected in brachycephalic breeds of dogs with strongly pronounced folds on the muzzle, one should not think that this is associated with trichiasis; it may be due to lagophthalmos.
- Eyelash ectopia: eyelashes growing from the meibomian gland and perforating the conjunctiva of the eyelid. Slightly invert the eyelid or palpate the conjunctiva of the eyelid to detect ectopic eyelashes.
Districhiasis Trichiasis Ectopia
Corneal diseases
The surface of the cornea should be smooth and shiny. Using a transilluminator, the cornea is examined for the presence of blood vessels, pigmentation and other opacities.
Possible pathological changes dog corneas:
- Changed blood vessels are a nonspecific sign of the disease. Superficial vessels long, thin and branched, similar to tree branches. They point to the superficial pathological process. The deep vessels are short and not branched. They talk about the presence of intraocular pathology (for example, glaucoma, scleritis, anterior uveitis).
- Pigmentation indicates corneal irritation. Its location indicates the source of irritation. Pigmentation is a secondary disease. Its etiological factor is identified.
- Deposits of lipids and calcium in the corneal stroma indicate corneal dystrophy. Steroid use may worsen the disease. It is necessary to differentiate from cicatricial changes.
- Ulcers: for better diagnosis Corneal ulcers are tested with fluorescein (more details in the article about).
- Corneal precipitates are accumulations of cells attached to the corneal endothelium. They may be very small and diffusely distributed, or they may be large, isolated masses called sebaceous precipitates.
- Edema.
- Scarring.
Pathological accumulations
Hypopyon is an accumulation of pus or leukocytes in the anterior chamber. Neutrophils accumulate in response to any chemotactic stimulus and are usually not caused by infectious process. In cases where there is a deep corneal ulcer, neutrophils migrate from the iris rather than from the cornea.
Hyphema - blood in the anterior chamber
Pet owners may notice hyphema. Because it is a form of anterior uveitis, episcleral injection and anterior chamber hyperemia are often observed in these animals. Hyphema has many causes, the most common being trauma. A single hemorrhage resolves quickly. Recurrent bleeding, which is a consequence of retinal detachment, can lead to secondary glaucoma or synechia. If examination of the retina is not possible due to hyphema, then ultrasound of the eye is used to identify retinal detachment.
It is necessary to identify and treat the primary disease, at the same time applying local treatment, as for anterior uveitis. If bleeding recurs, intraocular pressure should be constantly measured and secondary glaucoma treated.
Cloudiness of aqueous humor
The anterior chamber normally contains very little protein. When the aqueous humor-blood barrier is destroyed, as in anterior uveitis or iritis, protein leaves the uveal vessels into the aqueous humor.
When there is an abnormally large amount of protein in the aqueous humor, the light is partially scattered so that if you shine a narrow beam of light into a dog's eye, you can see the beam passing through the anterior chamber. This phenomenon is called aqueous opacification and indicates anterior uveitis. In order to see cloudiness of the aqueous humor, you must:
- a slit lighting head is placed on the ophthalmoscope and held less than 1 cm from the eye;
- turn off the lights in the room;
- then the anterior chamber is examined.
Normally, a beam is visible passing through the cornea and lens, but not the aqueous humor. When the aqueous humor becomes cloudy, a ray is visible passing through the aqueous humor.
Iris and pupil
Iris pathologies: look for changes in iris color, edema, vascular injection, residual pupillary membrane, dyscoria (change in pupil shape) or cysts/tumors. Cysts, unlike tumors, transmit a beam of light directed at them.
Pupil dilation – necessary for further diagnosis
For further examination of the pupil, it is necessary to dilate it. If an animal needs a Schirmer tear test (STT), the TTS is performed first. Do not dilate the pupil if the animal has glaucoma or lens subluxation. In general, if the eyes do not cause discomfort and the visual acuity is normal, the animal does not have glaucoma. If there is any doubt, measure the intraocular pressure first!
To dilate the pupil, one or two drops (make sure to inject the same number of drops into both eyes) of 1% tropicamide are injected into the conjunctival sac/cornea of each eye. Typically, maximum pupil dilation occurs after 15-20 minutes. While waiting for the pupil to dilate, additional tests such as fluorescein testing, Schirmer tear test, cytology and culture can be performed.
Iridocyclitis and iritis
This inflammatory diseases anterior part of the vascular tract. Isolated inflammation of the iris is relatively rare. Depending on the nature of the exudate, it can be serous, serous-fibrinous, fibrinous, purulent and hemorrhagic.
- penetrating wounds;
- inflammatory processes in the cornea;
- dog distemper;
- infectious hepatitis.
It manifests itself as pain in the eye and soreness of the eyeball on palpation. The iris is always swollen, may be greenish or rusty in color, its pattern is unclear, the pupil is narrowed, and posterior synechiae often occur. With serous iritis and iridocyclitis, clouding of the moisture of the anterior chamber is noted; with fibrinous and purulent iritis, white and white-yellow exudate settles at the bottom of the anterior chamber (hypopiomas).
Fibrin is often deposited on the inner surface of the cornea in the form of precipitates. Intraocular pressure often reduced. Visual acuity decreases. With hemorrhagic iritis, blood appears in the anterior chamber.
Treatment should be aimed primarily at eliminating the cause of the disease. For this purpose, use a 1% solution of atropine 4-6 times a day or GLP with atropine 1 time a day. The following mixture is administered subconjunctivally once every 3-4 days:
- 1 ml of 0.5% novocaine solution;
- 0.2 ml of 1% atropine solution;
- 0.1-0.2 ml hydrocortisone.
For purulent iridocyclitis, 10-20 thousand units of antibiotic are added to the mixture wide range actions. Assign eye ointments with antibiotics, as well as orally - butadiene 0.15 g or reopirin 2.5 g 3 times a day for 10 days, 10% calcium chloride solution one tablespoon 3 times a day, diphenhydramine 0.03 -0.05 g 2-3 times a day, multivitamins, sulfa drugs.
For hemorrhagic iridocyclitis, subconjunctival injections of fibrinolysin 80-1000 units are used every other day. When treating the consequences of iridocyclitis, tissue preparations are used (vitreous body, FiBS, placenta suspension).
Fundus and retina
Fundus reflection. With the transilluminator located approximately an arm's length away from the animal and the light turned off, direct a beam of light into the animal's eye and look at the reflection of the tapetum. This is the most effective method identify an aphakic crescent and impaired transparency of the intraocular media (for example, incipient cataracts). it's the same The best way distinguish sclerosis of the lens nucleus from cataracts.
Retinal examination: when performing indirect ophthalmoscopy - a wider field of view and this best method examination of patients with fundus pathologies.
- Optic disc
- Vessels: are they pathologically tortuous, is hypertension suspected?
- Retina: Is the retina in the center? If not, the animal may have a retinal detachment.
Retinal disinsertion
It can be partial or complete. It occurs in older animals, as well as in a number of diseases.
- Etiology. Occurs due to volume reduction vitreous due to its atrophy, with severe traumatic injuries, large accumulation of exudate, hemorrhage in the space between the retina and the choroid.
- Symptoms. The animal's vision suddenly deteriorates or blindness occurs. The pupils are dilated and the reaction to light is slow. Ophthalmoscopy reveals various disturbances in the fundus of the eye and protrusion of the retina in the form of a white bubble.
- Treatment. With complete retinal detachment, treatment is useless. In case of partial detachment, 0.1-0.2 ml of hydrocortisone with novocaine is injected subconjunctivally after 3-4 days; 0.3-0.5 ml of dexazone daily. A 1% solution of atropine and a 2% solution of dionine are instilled into the conjunctival sac.
