How to provide first aid to a victim. Providing first aid to children

Providing first first aid consists of providing the victim right at the scene of the incident with a complex of the simplest and most basic medical actions. It is carried out by people who happen to be close to the victim. As a rule, first aid is provided within the first thirty minutes after injury.

What is trauma?

Trauma is a deterioration in a person’s well-being and health as a result of the negative influence of any factor, individually or together: physical, chemical, biological. If an incident occurs at work, then a person may suffer for socio-psychological, organizational, technical and other reasons.

Providing first aid to victims can help prevent serious and irreversible consequences injuries.

Universal first aid instructions

A person can get injured at home, at work, or even while walking. Regardless of where he is injured, there is a standard set of first aid procedures.

1. It is necessary to assess the surrounding situation. That is, is the victim close to the threat of fire, possible explosion, collapse, and so on.
2. Next you should take steps to avoid possible danger both for the victim himself and for the person who provides first aid (for example, removing the victim from a fire, an electric shock zone, etc.).
3. Then it is determined total victims and the severity of their injuries. First of all, first aid is provided to people with the most severe injuries.
4. Now first aid is provided to the victims:

• if the victim is in unconscious and he has no pulse in the carotid artery, then resuscitation should be carried out (revival);
• if the victim is unconscious, but his pulse is palpable, then it is necessary to bring him to consciousness;
• if the victim has injuries, then in case of arterial bleeding a tourniquet is applied, and if there are signs of fractures, transport splints are applied;
• if there are wounds on the body, a bandage should be applied.

Injuries in enterprises

At any enterprise, especially if it is a production workshop, it is provided not only for safety briefings, plans and instructions for providing first aid, but also for the presence of filled first aid kits and special posters at duty stations. They should schematically depict the procedure for carrying out measures to provide assistance to victims.

The first aid kits, which are located at the duty stations of the production workshop, must contain the following medications and things, without which first aid in case of accidents is impossible:

1. For applying various dressings and tourniquets - individual dressing bags, bandages and cotton wool.
2. For bandaging fractures and fixing them - cotton-gauze bandages and splints.
3. To stop heavy bleeding- tourniquets.
4. To cool bruises and fractures, use an ice pack or a special cooling pack.
5. A small sippy cup - for washing eyes and taking medications.
6. If you faint, take a bottle or ampoules of ammonia.
7. To disinfect wounds - iodine, brilliant green, hydrogen peroxide.
8. For washing and lubricating burns - 2% or 4% solution boric acid, 3% solution baking soda, Vaseline.
9. Validol and other cardiac medications - for severe heart pain.
10. Tweezers, scissors, pipette.
11. Soap and towel.

First aid in the production workshop

Providing first aid at work is as follows:

1. Carrying out all procedures described in the first aid instructions. That is, assessing the situation, ensuring safety and providing first aid.
2. Calling an ambulance medical care. That is, dial a centralized number both in Russia and in Ukraine - “OZ”. The service must describe in detail and at the same time quickly the type of damage and under what circumstances it was received.
3. Recording the time, causes and type of accident, as well as the condition of the victim and a description of the measures that were taken before the arrival of doctors. All this information is transmitted to the arriving doctor.
4. Monitoring the victim’s health condition and staying in constant contact with him until the ambulance arrives.

Electrical injuries

Electrical injuries are the result of human contact with any source of electricity.

Symptoms of electrical injury:

• a feeling of general weakness of the body (for example, rapid or difficult breathing, rapid heartbeat, etc.);
• there may be a reaction to noise and light.

Providing first aid with electric shock to affected people:

1. The first step is to remove the victim from exposure to electric current. This can be done using available means (for example, rope, dry board, etc.) or by turning off the network.
2. The victim is assisted by a person who must wrap his hands in rubberized material or wear special gloves. If there is nothing similar nearby, then a dry cloth will do.
3. The victim is touched in places where clothing does not fit tightly to the body.
4. If the person is not breathing, then resuscitation measures must be taken.
5. To prevent painful shock, the victim is given an anesthetic.
6. An aseptic bandage is applied to the affected area.

Thermal burns

Thermal burns are the result of exposure high temperature from fire, boiling water, steam and anything else on body tissue. Such damage is divided into four degrees, each, in turn, characterized by its own symptoms:

• first degree - there is hyperemia and swelling of the skin;
• second degree - blisters appear on the skin, filled with liquid, and burning pain is also present;
• third degree: phase A - necrosis spreads, phase B - necrosis is distributed to all layers of the skin;
• fourth degree - necrosis of damaged skin, adjacent areas, and tissues occurs.

Providing first aid in case of injury from thermal factors:

1. It is necessary to immediately stop the exposure of the victim to the thermal reagent (for example, knock out the fire from clothing with water, cloth, sand, etc.).
2. Next, shock is prevented - the victim is given painkillers.
3. If the clothing is not stuck to the body, but is damaged, then it must be disposed of (cut off).
4. Aseptic dressings are applied to clean damaged areas.
5. All other actions should be done by the doctor.

Stop bleeding

According to their types, bleeding is divided into capillary, arterial, and mixed.

The main task of the person who provides first aid is to stop bleeding and prevent infection from entering the wound.

First aid rules for bleeding:

1. If the bleeding is capillary and light (shallow), then the wound is treated antiseptic and a sterile dressing is applied.
2. If the bleeding is severe and arterial or mixed, then it is necessary to apply a tourniquet, under the bottom of which a cotton-gauze pad and a note with the time of its application are placed.

If there are foreign objects in the wound, they must be carefully removed with tweezers. The skin around the injury is treated with antiseptic agents.

Dislocations and fractures

It can be very difficult to determine a dislocation or fracture the first time (especially if it is closed). To do this you need to take an x-ray.

Therefore, the rules for providing first aid before the arrival of emergency medical services for dislocations and fractures are the same and consist of performing a set of the following actions:

1. The victim is placed in a position that is comfortable for him.
2. A bandage is applied to the affected area. If the fracture is obvious, then a splint is applied.
3. If the pain is severe, the victim is given painkillers to prevent shock.
4. If the fracture is open, then the skin adjacent to the damaged area is disinfected, and a cotton-gauze pad is applied to the wound. Then everything is bandaged.

Resuscitation measure - performing artificial respiration

At work, it is possible that a person may stop breathing. This can be either the result of an injury or due to the personal characteristics of the body.

If this happens, the victim must be resuscitated urgently. To do this, artificial respiration or indirect cardiac massage is performed.

First aid instructions for respiratory arrest:

1. The victim is turned over on his back and placed on a hard surface.
2. The person performing resuscitation should cover the victim’s nose with one hand and open his mouth with the other.
3. The person providing assistance draws air into his lungs, presses his lips tightly against the victim’s lips and vigorously releases the air. In this case, it is necessary to observe the victim’s chest.
4. Sixteen to twenty breaths are taken in one minute.

Artificial respiration should be continued until:

• the victim will not fully restore breathing;
• won't arrive medical worker(doctor or nurse);
• there were signs of death of the victim.

If artificial respiration does not bring results, but death is not established, then it is necessary to proceed indirect massage hearts.

Indirect cardiac massage

Thanks to this procedure, the victim’s blood circulation is restored.

1. The first aid provider must know the location of the heart - between the sternum (a moving, flat bone) and the spine. When you press on the sternum, you feel your heart contracting. As a result, blood begins to flow from it into the vessels.
2. First, the person takes two breaths using the technique artificial respiration from mouth to mouth.
3. Then one palm moves to the lower half of the sternum (this is two fingers higher from its lower edge).
4. The second palm is placed on the first one perpendicularly or parallel.
5. Next, the person providing assistance presses on the victim’s sternum, helping himself by tilting his body. During this procedure, the elbows are not bent.
6. The pressure is applied quickly; during execution, the sternum moves down four centimeters for half a second.
7. It is necessary to take half-second intervals between shocks.
8. Indentations alternate with inhalations. For every 15 compressions, take 2 breaths.

It is more effective to perform indirect cardiac massage together - one person applies pressure, the other inhales.

What should not be done when providing first aid?

When providing first aid, under no circumstances should you do the following:

• use excessive force (for example, pressing on the chest during resuscitation, tightening tourniquets and bandages, etc.);
• when carrying out the mouth-to-mouth breathing procedure, you cannot use pads (for example, gauze);
• signs of breathing should be determined very quickly; precious time cannot be wasted;
• in case of severe arterial bleeding, you should not waste time freeing the victim from clothes;
• if the victim has of various origins burns (for example, from fire or as a result of chemical exposure), then they should not be washed with fats and oils, use alkaline solutions, rip off clothes from them, pierce burn blisters and peel off the skin.

Kids are tireless explorers. True, sometimes active knowledge of the world around us is not at all safe. He climbed a tree and fell down, spilled hot tea on himself, tasted it laundry soap- what happens in life! General rule for all unusual situations: keep cool! Because the health, and perhaps the life of your child, depends on this circumstance.

Bruises and wounds

Cones. I didn’t notice the corner of the table, fell off the sofa - and now a red-purple bump was growing on my forehead. The best thing to do is to immediately apply cold to the injured area: a heating pad with ice, a wet napkin, a spoon, a chop from the freezer, or a pack of frozen vegetables (what exactly is not important). Just be sure to wrap the ice in a clean cloth.

✔Bruises. If the skin is not damaged, apply an ice pack to the injury site for 5 minutes. If your baby categorically objects, try a cold compress and change it often. Raise the bruised limb higher to prevent swelling. The next day, the ice will give way to warm compresses. Wet a towel with warm water and apply it to the bruise for 5 minutes several times a day. An iodine mesh on the affected limb can also alleviate the condition. However, if your child hurts his stomach when falling from a bicycle, hits his head, injures his eye, or the joint is very swollen and causes pain, consult a doctor.

✔Bumps and bruises are perhaps the most common childhood injuries. Here you will be helped by soaking in cold water and a wrung-out napkin, a handkerchief, a compress with alcohol, and a bag of ice. It is cooling and relieves pain. A doctor should be consulted if the pain does not go away and the child is unable to move the leg freely.

IN home medicine cabinet you need to have a bandage, plasters different sizes, elastic bandage, disinfectants, scissors, painkillers and antipyretics, thermometer. Be healthy! Good luck! And let your knowledge remain unrealized.

✔Stretches. As soon as trouble occurs, you must try to prevent the child from putting any strain on the affected limb. Cooling and peace - best treatment. To limit mobility, you can use an elastic bandage, apply a cardboard splint, or hang your arm in a sling.

✔Injuries. Sharp sticks, stones, curbs - everything can cause head injuries. In this case, as a rule, swelling immediately develops, the wound bleeds heavily - there are a lot of superficially located vessels in the scalp. The best thing to do is to quickly apply pressure to the edges of the wound using a clean cotton cloth or bandage to stop the bleeding. With heavy bleeding, the likelihood of infection getting into the wound is not high (unless, of course, the edges of the abrasion are dirty). If the wound is deep and more than a centimeter, you need to consult a doctor - usually the edges of the wound are sutured or connected using special paper clips. All other wounds can be sealed with a bactericidal plaster.

✔If a child falls and gets an abrasion, the wound must be cleaned of dirt and small stones using a handkerchief or tweezers; blot the wound with a tampon of warm water. It is advisable not to bandage. Only when the wound is wet can a plaster or sterile bandage be applied.

✔Concussion. Climbing a tree is so interesting! But sometimes climbing lessons end sadly - the branch under the foot breaks and the baby ends up on the ground. If after a fall the child complains of nausea, drowsiness, headache, or you feel that the baby is not behaving as usual, be sure to call a doctor. If he falls and loses consciousness (even if only for a few seconds), go to the hospital immediately!

✔Fractures. Without an x-ray, even a doctor cannot always determine the presence of a fracture. If a child cannot move his arm due to severe pain, if there is a visible deformation of the limb, and swelling increases literally before our eyes, the baby most likely has a fracture. Until the doctor examines you, you must apply cold to the damaged area and apply a splint. It will help create peace for the injured limb. When applying a splint, be sure to fix the two adjacent joints as well. For example, if the bones of the forearm are damaged, the wrist and elbow joints. You can use cardboard folded in several layers as a tire. Wrap it in cotton wool, wrap it in a bandage - the homemade splint is ready. Place your sore hand in it, like in a cradle, and hang it on a scarf. If your legs are damaged, it is difficult to find cardboard of this size, so a piece of plywood and a small board will do.

✔Poisoning

It is not surprising that when children begin to crawl and then walk, they try to taste everything. Fortunately, 90% of poisonings result in recovery. But here seconds count and the prognosis depends on the actions of the parents.

First aid:

Call “03” immediately, be prepared to report the child’s weight, possible toxic substance, symptoms;
With your finger wrapped in a damp handkerchief, remove any remaining toxic substance from the baby’s mouth;
if the baby is unconscious, lay him on his side so that he does not suffocate when vomiting;
if the baby is conscious, give him more to drink, better clean water. But not milk! It can cause fat-soluble poisons to enter the bloodstream faster;
Give your baby the tablets crushed in water as soon as possible activated carbon, it adsorbs poisons onto itself, preventing them from entering the blood. Dosage – gram of coal per kilogram of child’s weight;
Do not try to make your baby vomit. Often, vomiting itself is more dangerous than the poison that enters the baby’s body.

To prevent trouble from happening:

remove everything chemical substances(perfumes, creams, household chemicals) so that the baby cannot get to them under any circumstances;
Carefully check the expiration dates of medications and ruthlessly get rid of expired ones. It is better not to store medications in a medical cabinet. Experience shows that such a locker is of great interest to the baby. Instead, purchase a case that can be locked with a key, or simply put the medicine box on the mezzanine. Even ordinary vitamins will become poison if you eat a whole pack of them;
Always read medication labels carefully before giving them to your baby, so you can avoid tragic mistakes. This is especially true for unscheduled “night” situations.

✔Electric shocks

A rosette is a very attractive item for a baby, because you can stick a finger or a nail in it! So get on all fours and try to follow your child’s path around the apartment. How many times have you come across sockets and extension cords, wires and accessible electrical appliances? Children are resourceful people; they can bite the wire and severely burn their face. Some babies, having found an extension cord plugged into an outlet, can lick it and also get severe burns.

And little gentlemen, walking around the room without a diaper, sometimes accidentally urinate on the socket and receive an electric shock.

First aid:

if the baby lies motionless, do not touch him with your hands, otherwise he will give you an electric shock;
turn off the electricity (if this is not possible, then turn off the power source);
use any wooden object (for example, a rolling pin or a chair leg) to discard the wires or simply move the crumbs away from the point of impact;
Is the baby not breathing? Start artificial respiration and chest compressions.

To prevent trouble from happening:

install plugs on all sockets accessible to the baby;
Wind up all long cords of electrical appliances in such a way that they extend only from the electrical appliance to the outlet (you can secure the coiled ring of wires using electrical tape);
make sure that (if possible, of course) all electrical wires are out of the child’s reach. And if you have something connected through an extension cord, wrap the connection with insulating tape so that the baby cannot pull the plug out of the socket;
Always put away electrical appliances (iron, mixer, meat grinder) when you have finished working. Place table lamps in such a way that the baby cannot reach them;
Do not use electrical appliances near water (shower, bath).

Often the little man’s favorite place to play is the kitchen: mom prepares dinner, while I go about my business!! This is where dangers can lurk for the young researcher. Firstly, the handles of frying pans and pots should not be within the child’s reach; splashes from food on the stove can fall on a crawling baby; An electric kettle can also become an object of “love” for your child. Never drink tea with a small child in your arms; one awkward move and the cup of tea may tip over.

Burns, as we know from the course of valeology and life safety, are divided into 4 groups. The first, the easiest one: redness and swelling of the skin. With the second degree, bubbles already appear...

In case of a burn, be sure to consult a doctor!!! What should you do first? Place the burn area under a stream of cold water, but not ice water, and keep it this way for 10-20 minutes (longer is possible) so that the burn does not spread to the lower layers of the skin. Home remedies such as vegetable oil, all kinds of creams can aggravate the situation by causing the burn to “go” into the skin. So leave the wound open until the doctors arrive. If a blister forms, there is no need to puncture it to avoid infection. If the burn surface is large, then you need to place the child under the shower and then just call a doctor.

Do not take off your clothes so as not to remove your skin too.

First aid:

In case of burns, it is necessary first of all to stop the spread of damage in depth. Therefore, the wound needs to be cooled - to do this, direct a gentle stream of cold running water (from the tap) onto the burn or apply any cold object to it. Even a piece of meat from the freezer will do, wrapped in a clean cloth, of course. Cool for no more than an hour;
Apply a sterile bandage. Do not open the resulting blisters, and especially do not cut off the “extra” skin. This can cause infection in the wound. By the way, for the same reason, doctors do not recommend treating a burn with urine, even from children’s urine;
usual home remedies (vegetable oil, butter, protein, flour, etc.) reduce the heat transfer of the damaged area and, therefore, “drive” the burn deeper, complicating subsequent treatment. In addition, they seriously contaminate the wound;
take your child to the hospital immediately.

To prevent trouble from happening:

cook only on the far burners, turning the handles of pots and pans towards the wall;
while standing at the stove, never hold the baby in your arms (even if he persistently demands attention) - droplets of boiling oil and scalding steam, invisible to an adult, can get on the child’s skin;
When you open the oven door, make sure that no one is nearby;
kids love to pull the tablecloth off the table and tug at unfamiliar wires. Therefore, toddlers can easily knock over an “instant heating” electric kettle or a cup of freshly brewed tea;
If you drink hot drinks (coffee, cocoa, tea), never do this with a child in your arms. One awkward move and the baby will suffer a severe burn. Do you want to have tea? Choose a time when the baby is sleeping in bed;
When choosing a heater, give preference to oil ones - they do not have open spirals. Do not leave household appliances unattended: irons with steamers - common reason burns in children;
before bathing your baby, check the water temperature with a special thermometer (or, in extreme cases, with your elbow);
a baby can knock over a container of boiling water on itself during a banal inhalation. If you want to carry out the procedure, bring your child to the bathroom, sit him down (but not in the bath), close the door tightly and turn on a hot shower. This will be quite enough, especially if you put a small container with a collection of herbs or a healing solution in the bath. If your doctor often recommends such procedures to you, it is better to purchase an individual inhaler at the pharmacy.

When a mother gives her child a small piece of fruit and a cookie, it won’t even occur to her that this piece could be a choking hazard (judging even from my own experience). Some children spit out pieces that they cannot chew. Others will try, and diligence can play a cruel joke on them. If a child chokes, this may pose a risk of suffocation. baby in in this case you need to lift it up by the legs and lightly pat it on the back, or put it face down on your shoulder and also pat it on the back. If the child is over a year old, you can put him on your knee so that top part hung down and patted between the shoulder blades

A baby can suffocate if he puts the most common objects in his mouth - coins, screws, pieces of balloons, small parts of toys, beads. Infants may suffocate while vomiting.

First aid:

if some foreign body gets into the respiratory tract and the child begins to cough hysterically, tilt the baby forward, place his stomach on your knee and spank him between the shoulder blades;
if the baby is vomiting, lay him on his tummy, with his head raised (it is better to turn it to the right).

To prevent trouble from happening:

do not tie the bars of the playpen or crib with ribbons, do not tie toys with long cords, do not decorate the playpen or crib with balloons tied to threads;
The crib should not be placed in such a way that there are curtain cords nearby;
never let babies play with hard objects that can block their breathing;
check all your baby’s toys: what if they contain easily breakable parts that can get into the baby’s mouth;
if you are playing with balloons, keep a close eye on all the pieces of popped balloons. Once in the mouth, they can cause choking;
remove all laces and ties from caps and vests;
do not hang chains around your neck; if they get caught, the baby may suffocate;
Do not allow your baby to run around with food in his mouth.

✔Foreign bodies in the eye

Often the child rubs his eyes when he gets foreign body. In summer it can be flies, specks of dust, specks; At home, something dry can get into your eye: sugar, salt, fluff. First of all, you need to rinse your eye. Soak a handkerchief in boiled water and try to remove the trapped object.

To remove the float, gently move your finger along the closed eyelid in the direction of the eyelid: the foreign body may exit through the tear ducts. If that doesn’t work, then pull the eyelid so that the eyelashes fall under the eyelid so that the caught body catches on them.

It happens that someone bites you in the eye. This causes the eyelid to swell and turn red. Don't panic. Make soda lotions, they will help relieve itching.

Mix half a teaspoon in half a glass boiled water. Moisten gauze, bandage or handkerchief and apply several times a day for five minutes. But: with a closed eye!

The insect can be removed with the edge of a clean, damp cloth. If the baby squeezes his eyelids tightly, try using light stroke movements to drive the foreign body from the outer edge of the eye to the inner one. In the same way, you can remove a speck or grain of sand from your eye.
However, if you suspect that iron or wood shavings or glass shards have somehow gotten into your baby’s eye, never try to remove these foreign bodies yourself with tweezers or cotton wool - you can damage the cornea.
While playing in the sandbox, the baby forgot and rubbed his eye with a dirty pen? Less than a couple of hours later, the eye turns red, and the baby complains of pain and pain? Most likely, the baby has developed conjunctivitis. Wash your children’s eyes several times a day with strong brewed cool tea, give your baby a separate towel for the sore eye and strictly make sure that the baby does not touch it with your hand, otherwise an infection may occur; switch to the other eye. Instill the albucid solution several times a day, and if the situation does not improve after a day, go to the ophthalmologist.

Every person should know how to provide first aid to those who need it. We are not talking about a full medical understanding of certain difficulties associated with various types diseases.

But for the most common types of symptoms of diseases, injuries, burns and other injuries, you simply need to be able to provide first aid.

Providing first aid

We present to your attention quick guide from the region. By using simple instructions and graphic images will make it easy for you to remember how to help someone who is on the verge of life and death.

Of course, after one reading it will be difficult for you to remember all the nuances. After all, first aid has its own specifics.

However, by re-reading this post at least once over a period of time, you can confidently say that you will be a trained rescuer in all the cases described below.

If you are reading this article not for educational purposes, but to benefit from advice in specific circumstances, use the table of contents to quickly jump to the point you need.

First aid

First aid is the only thing you can do to help someone in need. We, as in all textbooks, give standard cases as examples.

An educated individual simply mandatory you need to know these rules.

Bleeding

General questions for bleeding

If a person looks pale, feels chills and feels dizzy, what is it?

This means that he is plunged into a state of shock. Call an ambulance immediately.

Is it possible to get some kind of infection through contact with a patient’s blood?

If possible, it is better to avoid such contacts. It is advisable to use medical gloves plastic bags or ask the victim, if possible, to press the wound himself.

Do I need to wash the wound?

You can wash it for minor cuts and abrasions. In case of severe bleeding, this should not be done, since washing away the dried blood will only increase the bleeding.

What to do if there is a foreign object inside the wound?

Do not remove it from the wound as this will make the situation worse. Instead, place a tight bandage around the item.

Fractures

Dislocations and sprains

How to determine dislocations or sprains? First, the patient feels pain. Secondly, there is swelling (bruising) around the joint or along. If a joint is injured, it will be difficult to move.

Provide rest and convince the patient not to move the injured part. Also, don’t try to straighten it yourself.

Apply an ice pack wrapped in a towel to the injured area for no more than 20 minutes.

If necessary, give the victim pain medication.

Go to the emergency room to get an x-ray. If the patient is unable to walk at all or the pain is too severe, call medical help.

First aid for burns

First, cool the burned area under cold running water for at least 10 minutes.

Always call medical attention if a child is injured by a burn. Moreover, if the burned area is covered with blisters or internal tissues are visible to the naked eye.

Do not touch anything that is stuck to the burned area. Never apply oil to a burn, as it retains heat and this will only cause harm.

Do not use ice to cool a burn; it can damage the skin.

Airway obstruction

Heart attack

How to detect a heart attack? First of all, it is accompanied by pressing pain behind the sternum. Feeling pinpoint discomfort in the arms, neck, jaw, back or stomach.

Breathing becomes frequent and intermittent, and the heartbeat becomes rapid and irregular. In addition, there is a weak and rapid pulse in the extremities, cold and profuse sweat, nausea, and sometimes vomiting.

Call an ambulance immediately, as the minutes are counting. If possible, measure arterial pressure, pulse and heart rate.

If the patient does not have allergies, give him aspirin. The tablet must be chewed. However, before doing this, make sure that the patient does not have medications prescribed by the attending physician.

Provide the patient with the most comfortable position possible. It is important to reassure and reassure him while waiting for the doctor, since such attacks are sometimes accompanied by a feeling of panic.

Stroke

It is quite easy to identify the symptoms of a stroke. Sudden weakness or numbness in any limb, difficulty speaking and understanding it, dizziness, lack of coordination of movements, sudden headache or fainting - all this indicates a possible stroke.

Place the patient on high pillows, tuck them under the shoulders, shoulder blades and head, and call an ambulance.

Provide an influx of fresh air into the room by opening the window. Unbutton your shirt collar, loosen the tight belt, and remove all restrictive clothing. Then measure your blood pressure.

If there are signs of gag reflexes, turn the patient's head to the side. Try to talk calmly and reassure him while waiting for the doctor.

Heatstroke

Heat stroke is determined by the following signs: there is no sweating, body temperature sometimes rises to 40 ° C, hot skin looks pale, blood pressure decreases, and the pulse becomes weak. There may be cramps, vomiting, diarrhea and loss of consciousness.

Move the patient to the coolest place possible, ensure an influx of fresh air and call for medical help.

Remove excess and loosen tight clothing. Wrap your body in a damp, cool cloth. If this is not possible, place towels soaked in cold water on your head, neck and groin area.

It is advisable for the patient to drink cool mineral or regular, slightly salted water.

If necessary, continue to cool the body by applying to the wrists, elbows, groin area, neck and armpits with ice or cold objects wrapped in cloth.

Hypothermia

As a rule, with hypothermia a person is pale and cold to the touch. He may not be shaking, but his breathing rate is slow and his body temperature is below 35 degrees Celsius.

Call ambulance and move the patient to a warm room, covering him with a blanket. Let him drink a hot drink, but without caffeine or alcohol. The best thing is tea. Offer high-calorie foods.

If you notice signs of frostbite, such as loss of sensation, whitening of the skin, or tingling, do not rub the affected areas with snow, oil, or Vaseline.
This can seriously injure the skin. Just wrap these areas in several layers.

Head injury

For head injuries, the bleeding must first be stopped. Then press a sterile napkin tightly onto the wound and hold it with your fingers until the bleeding stops completely. Next, cold is applied to the head.

Call an ambulance and monitor the presence of pulse, breathing and reaction of the pupils to light. If these signs of life are not present, immediately begin cardiopulmonary resuscitation ().

After breathing and cardiac activity are restored, place the victim in a stable lateral position. Cover and keep him warm.

Drowning

What to do if you see a drowned person? First of all, make sure that you are not in danger and then remove it from the water.

Lay him on his stomach on your knee and let the water come out naturally. respiratory tract.

Clear your mouth of foreign objects (mucus, vomit, etc.) and call an ambulance immediately.

Determine the presence of a pulse on carotid artery, pupillary reaction to light and spontaneous breathing. If they are not there, start cardiopulmonary resuscitation.

If signs of life appear, turn the person on his side, cover him and keep him warm.

If there is a suspicion of a spinal fracture, the drowned person should be pulled out of the water on a board or shield.
If there is no pulse in the carotid artery, it is unacceptable to waste time removing water from the lungs and stomach.
Get started right away. They must be carried out even if the victim has been under water for more than 20 minutes.

Bites

Insect and snake bites are different, and so is first aid for them.

Insect bites

Carefully inspect the bite site. If you find a sting, carefully pull it out. Then apply ice or a cold compress to the area.

If a person has developed allergies or anaphylactic reaction- Call an ambulance.

Snake bites

If a person is bitten by a poisonous snake, call an ambulance immediately. Then examine the bite site. You can put ice on it.

If possible, keep the affected body part below the heart. Try to calm the person down. Don't let him walk unless absolutely necessary.

Do not under any circumstances cut the bite site or try to suck out the venom yourself.
In cases of snake venom poisoning, following signs: nausea, vomiting, tingling sensation in the body, shock, coma or paralysis.

You should know that with any movement of the body, the poison begins to penetrate the tissues of the body much more actively. Therefore, until the doctors arrive, the patient is strongly recommended to rest as much as possible.

Loss of consciousness

What is first aid for loss of consciousness? First of all, don't panic.

Turn the patient on their side to prevent them from choking. possible vomiting. Next, you should tilt his head back so that the tongue moves forward and does not block the airway.

Call an ambulance. Listen to whether the victim is breathing. If not, start CPR.

Cardiopulmonary resuscitation

Artificial respiration

Familiarize yourself with the sequence in which artificial ventilation of the lungs should be performed.

1. Using a circular motion of your fingers wrapped in gauze or a handkerchief, remove mucus, blood, and foreign objects from the victim’s mouth.
2. Tilt your head back: lift your chin while maintaining your cervical spine. You should know that if you suspect a fracture cervical spine spine, you cannot throw your head back.
3. Pinch the patient's nose with your thumb and index fingers. Then take a deep breath and exhale smoothly into the victim’s mouth. Allow 2-3 seconds for passive exhalation of air. Take a new breath. Repeat the procedure every 5-6 seconds.

If you notice that the patient has begun to breathe, still continue to blow air along with his inhalation. Continue this until deep spontaneous breathing is restored.

Heart massage

Determine the location of the xiphoid process, as shown in the figure. Determine the point of compression two transverse fingers above the xiphoid process, strictly in the center of the vertical axis. Place the heel of your palm on the compression point.

Compression point

Apply compression strictly vertically along the line connecting the sternum to the spine. Perform the procedure with the weight of the upper half of your body, doing it smoothly, without sudden movements.

The depth of compression of the chest should be at least 3-4 cm. Perform about 80-100 compressions per minute.

Alternate 2 “breaths” artificial ventilation lungs (ventilator) with 15 pressures.

For children infancy The massage is performed using the palmar surfaces of the second and third fingers. For teenagers - with the palm of one hand.

In adults, the emphasis is on the base of the palms, thumb aimed at the head or legs of the victim. The fingers should be raised and not touch the chest.

In the process cardiopulmonary resuscitation monitor for signs of life. This will determine the success of resuscitation measures.

First aid- This is an extremely important thing in our life. No one knows at what unexpected moment these skills may come in handy.

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According to the Law, first aid is not medical - it is provided before the arrival of doctors or the delivery of the victim to the hospital. First aid can be provided by any person who is near the victim at a critical moment. But for some categories of citizens, providing first aid is an official duty. We are talking about police officers, traffic police and the Ministry of Emergency Situations, military personnel, and firefighters.

First aid algorithm

In order not to get confused and provide first aid correctly, it is important to follow the following sequence of actions:

1. Ensure the safety of yourself, the victim and those around you (for example, remove the victim from a burning car).
2. Check the victim for signs of life (pulse, breathing, reaction of pupils to light) and consciousness. To check breathing, you need to tilt the victim's head back, lean towards his mouth and nose and try to hear or feel breathing; to “listen” to the pulse, you need to place your fingertips on the victim’s carotid artery; To assess consciousness, it is necessary (if possible) to take the victim by the shoulders, gently shake him and ask a question.
3. Call specialists (112 – from mobile phone, from the city - 03 (ambulance) or 01 (rescuers)).
4. Provide emergency first aid. Depending on the situation, this could be:
   • restoration of airway patency;
   • cardiopulmonary resuscitation;
   • stopping bleeding and other measures.
5. Provide the victim with physical and psychological comfort and wait for specialists to arrive.

Artificial respiration

Artificial pulmonary ventilation (ALV) is the introduction of air (or oxygen) into a person’s respiratory tract in order to restore natural ventilation of the lungs. Refers to basic resuscitation measures.

Typical situations requiring mechanical ventilation:

• car accident;
• accident on the water;
• electric shock and others.

Exist various ways Ventilation The most effective, when providing first aid by a non-specialist, is mouth-to-mouth and mouth-to-nose artificial respiration.

If, upon examination of the victim, natural breathing is not detected, artificial ventilation of the lungs must be performed immediately.

Artificial mouth-to-mouth respiration:

1. Ensure patency of the upper respiratory tract. Turn the victim's head to the side and use your finger to remove mucus, blood, and foreign objects from the mouth. Check the victim's nasal passages; clean them if necessary.
2. Tilt the victim's head back, holding the neck with one hand.
   

   Do not change the position of the victim’s head if there is a spinal injury!

3. Pinch the victim's nose with your thumb and index finger. Take a deep breath and press your lips firmly against the victim's mouth. Exhale into the victim's lungs.
   

   The first 5-10 exhalations should be quick (in 20-30 seconds), then 12-15 exhalations per minute.

4. Observe the movement of the victim's chest. If the victim's chest rises when he inhales air, then you are doing everything correctly.

Indirect cardiac massage

If there is no pulse along with breathing, it is necessary to perform an indirect cardiac massage.

Indirect (closed) cardiac massage or chest compression is the compression of the heart muscles between the sternum and the spine in order to maintain a person’s blood circulation during cardiac arrest. Refers to basic resuscitation measures.

Attention! You cannot perform a closed cardiac massage if there is a pulse.

Indirect cardiac massage technique:

1. Lay the victim down on a flat, hard surface. Chest compressions should not be performed on beds or other soft surfaces.
2. Determine the location of the affected xiphoid process. The xiphoid process is the shortest and narrow part sternum, its end.
3. Measure 2-4 cm up from the xiphoid process - this is the point of compression.
4. Place the heel of your palm on the compression point. In this case, the thumb should point either to the chin or to the stomach of the victim, depending on the location of the person performing resuscitation. Place your other palm on top of one hand. Pressure is applied strictly with the base of the palm - your fingers should not come into contact with the victim’s sternum.
5. Perform rhythmic chest thrusts strongly, smoothly, strictly vertically, using the weight of the upper half of your body. Frequency – 100-110 pressures per minute. In this case, the chest should bend by 3-4 cm.
   

   For infants, indirect cardiac massage is performed with the index and middle finger of one hand. For teenagers - with the palm of one hand.

If mechanical ventilation is performed simultaneously with closed cardiac massage, every two breaths should alternate with 15 compressions on the chest.

Heimlich maneuver

When food or foreign bodies enter the trachea, it becomes blocked (fully or partially) - the person suffocates.

Signs of a blocked airway:

• Absence full breathing. If the windpipe is not completely blocked, the person coughs; if completely, he holds on to the throat.
• Inability to speak.
• Blue discoloration of facial skin, swelling of neck vessels.

Airway clearance is most often carried out using the Heimlich method:

1. Stand behind the victim.
2. Grasp it with your hands, clasping them in a “lock”, just above the navel, under the costal arch.
3. Press firmly on the victim's abdomen while sharply bending your elbows.
   

   Do not squeeze the victim's chest, with the exception of pregnant women, for whom pressure is applied to the lower chest.

4. Repeat the dose several times until the airways are clear.

If the victim has lost consciousness and fallen, place him on his back, sit on his hips and press on the costal arches with both hands.

To remove foreign bodies from the child’s respiratory tract, you need to turn him on his stomach and pat him 2-3 times between his shoulder blades. Be very careful. Even if your baby coughs quickly, consult a doctor for a medical examination.

Bleeding

Control of bleeding refers to measures aimed at stopping blood loss. When providing first aid, we are talking about stopping external bleeding. Depending on the type of vessel, capillary, venous and arterial bleeding are distinguished.

Stopping capillary bleeding is carried out by applying an aseptic bandage, and also, if the arms or legs are injured, by raising the limbs above the level of the body.

In case of venous bleeding, a pressure bandage is applied. To do this, wound tamponade is performed: gauze is applied to the wound, several layers of cotton wool are placed on top of it (if not, a clean towel), and bandaged tightly. The veins compressed by such a bandage quickly thrombose and the bleeding stops.

If the pressure bandage gets wet, apply firm pressure with the palm of your hand.

To stop arterial bleeding, the artery must be clamped.

Pressure points of arteries

Artery clamping technique: Press the artery firmly with your fingers or fist against the underlying bone formation.

The arteries are easily accessible for palpation, therefore this method very effective. However, it requires physical strength from the first aid provider.

In case of limb injuries, the best way a tourniquet is used to stop bleeding.

Technique for applying a hemostatic tourniquet:

1. Apply a tourniquet to clothing or soft padding just above the wound.
2. Tighten the tourniquet and check the pulsation of the blood vessels - the bleeding should stop and the skin below the tourniquet should turn pale.
3. Apply a bandage to the wound.
4. Write it down exact time when a tourniquet is applied.

The tourniquet can be applied to the limbs for a maximum of 1 hour. After it expires, the tourniquet must be loosened for 10-15 minutes. If necessary, tighten again, but no more than 20 minutes.

Fractures

A fracture is a break in the integrity of a bone. The fracture is accompanied severe pain, sometimes - fainting or shock, bleeding. There are open and closed fractures. The first is accompanied by injury to soft tissues; bone fragments are sometimes visible in the wound.

First aid for a fracture:

1. Assess the severity of the victim’s condition and determine the location of the fracture.
2. If there is bleeding, stop it.
3. Determine whether the victim can be moved before specialists arrive.
   

   Do not carry the victim or change his position if there is a spinal injury!

4. Ensure bone immobility in the fracture area - immobilization. To do this, it is necessary to immobilize the joints located above and below the fracture.
5. Apply a splint. You can use flat sticks, boards, rulers, rods, etc. as a tire. The splint must be secured tightly, but not tightly, with bandages or adhesive tape.

Hypothermia and frostbite

Hypothermia (hypothermia) is a decrease in human body temperature below the norm necessary to maintain normal metabolism.

First aid for hypothermia:

Hypothermia is often accompanied by frostbite, that is, damage and necrosis of body tissues under the influence of low temperatures. Frostbite is especially common on the fingers and toes, nose and ears - parts of the body with reduced blood supply.

The causes of frostbite are high humidity, frost, wind, and immobile position. Alcohol intoxication usually aggravates the victim's condition.

Symptoms:

• feeling cold;
• tingling in the frostbitten part of the body;
• then - numbness and loss of sensitivity.

First aid for frostbite:

1. Keep the victim warm.
2. Remove frozen or wet clothing.
3. For mild frostbite, rub the affected areas of the body. In severe cases (grade II-IV frostbite), rubbing should not be done.
   

   Use oil or Vaseline for rubbing. Do not rub the victim with snow.

4. Wrap up the frostbitten area of ​​your body.
5. Give the victim a hot sweet drink or hot food.

Poisoning

Poisoning is a disorder of the body’s functioning that occurs due to the ingestion of a poison or toxin. Depending on the type of toxin, poisoning is distinguished:

• carbon monoxide;
• pesticides;
• alcohol;
• medications;
• food and others.

First aid measures depend on the nature of the poisoning. Most common food poisoning accompanied by nausea, vomiting, diarrhea and stomach pain. In this case, the victim is recommended to take 3-5 grams of activated carbon every 15 minutes for an hour, drink plenty of water, refrain from eating and be sure to consult a doctor.

In addition, accidental or intentional poisoning is common medicines, as well as alcohol intoxication.

In these cases, first aid consists of the following steps:

1. Rinse the victim's stomach. To do this, make him drink several glasses of salted water (10 grams of salt and 5 grams of soda per 1 liter). After 2-3 glasses, induce vomiting in the victim. Repeat these steps until the vomit is clear.
   

   Gastric lavage is only possible if the victim is conscious.

2. Dissolve 10-20 tablets of activated carbon in a glass of water and give it to the victim to drink.
3. Wait for the specialists to arrive.

The manual of the Ministry of Emergency Situations of Russia will help you not to get confused in difficult situation participants in road accidents, eyewitnesses of a heart attack in a sick person. The book also lists algorithms for providing first aid for traumatic injuries and emergency conditions. Such as external bleeding from injuries, abdominal wounds, penetrating chest wounds, bone fractures and thermal burns, as well as hypothermia and frostbite. Readers will learn how to behave correctly in order to actually help someone who has been electrocuted, or has swallowed water in a river, or perhaps has become a victim of serious poisoning. The manual also contains recommendations for help in case of injuries and chemical burns of the eyes, bites of poisonous snakes, insects, as well as heat and sunstroke.

1. Priority actions when providing first aid to sick and injured people

First of all, assistance is provided to those who are suffocating, who have profuse external bleeding, a penetrating wound to the chest or abdomen, who are unconscious or in serious condition.

	Make sure that you and the victim are not in danger. Use medical gloves to protect the victim from body fluids. Carry (lead) the victim to a safe area.
	Determine the presence of a pulse, spontaneous breathing, pupillary reactions to light.
	Ensure patency of the upper respiratory tract.
	Restore breathing and cardiac activity by using artificial respiration and chest compressions.
	Stop external bleeding.
	Apply a sealing bandage to the chest for a penetrating wound.

Only after stopping external bleeding and restoring spontaneous breathing and heartbeat, do the following:

2. Procedure for performing cardiopulmonary resuscitation

2.1. Rules for determining the presence of a pulse, spontaneous breathing and the reaction of the pupils to light (signs of “life and death”)

Proceed to resuscitation only if there are no signs of life (points 1-2-3).

2.2. Sequence of artificial ventilation

	Ensure patency of the upper respiratory tract. Use gauze (handkerchief) to remove in a circular motion fingers from the oral cavity mucus, blood, and other foreign objects.
	Tilt the victim's head back. (Lift your chin while holding the cervical spine.) Do not perform this if you suspect a fracture of the cervical spine!
	Pinch the victim's nose with your thumb and forefinger. Using a mouth-device-mouth artificial lung ventilation device, seal the mouth cavity and make two maximum, smooth exhalations into his mouth. Allow two to three seconds for each passive exhalation of the victim. Check whether the victim’s chest rises when inhaling and falls when exhaling.

2.3. Rules for closed (indirect) cardiac massage

The depth of chest compression should be at least 3-4 cm, 100-110 compressions per minute.

	- for infants, massage is performed using the palmar surfaces of the second and third fingers; - for teenagers - with the palm of one hand; - in adults, the emphasis is placed on the base of the palms, the thumb is directed towards the head (legs) of the victim. The fingers are raised and do not touch the chest.
	Alternate two “breaths” of artificial pulmonary ventilation (ALV) with 15 pressures, regardless of the number of people performing resuscitation.
	Monitor the pulse in the carotid artery, the reaction of the pupils to light (determining the effectiveness of resuscitation measures).

Closed cardiac massage should only be performed on a hard surface!

2.4. Removal of a foreign body from the respiratory tract using the Heimlich maneuver

Signs: The victim is suffocating (convulsive breathing movements), is unable to speak, suddenly becomes cyanotic, and may lose consciousness.

Children often inhale parts of toys, nuts, and candies.

	Place the baby on the forearm of your left hand, palm right hand clap 2-3 times between the shoulder blades. Turn the baby upside down and pick him up by the legs.
	Grab the victim from behind with your hands and clasp them in a “lock” just above his navel, under the costal arch. Press sharply with force - with your hands folded into a “lock” - into the epigastric region. Repeat the series of pressures 3 times. For pregnant women, apply pressure to the lower parts of the chest.
	If the victim is unconscious, sit on top of the hips and sharply press on the costal arches with both palms. Repeat the series of pressures 3 times.
	Remove the foreign object with your fingers wrapped in a napkin or bandage. Before removing a foreign body from the mouth of a victim lying on his back, he must turn his head to the side.

IF, DURING RESUSCIVATION, INDEPENDENT BREATHING, HEARTBEAT DOES NOT RECOVER, AND THE PUPILS REMAIN WIDE FOR 30-40 MINUTES AND THERE IS NO HELP, IT SHOULD BE CONSIDERED THAT THE BIOLOGICAL DEATH OF THE VICTIM HAS OCCURRED.

3. Algorithms for providing first aid to victims of traumatic injuries and emergency conditions

3.1. First aid for external bleeding

	Make sure that neither you nor the victim is in danger, put on protective (rubber) gloves, and take the victim out of the affected area.
	Determine the presence of a pulse in the carotid arteries, the presence of spontaneous breathing, and the presence of pupillary reaction to light.
	If there is significant blood loss, place the victim with his legs elevated.
	Stop the bleeding!
	Apply a (clean) aseptic dressing.
	Keep the injured part of the body immobile. Place a cold pack (ice pack) on the bandage over the wound (sore area).
	Place the victim in a stable lateral position.
	Protect the victim from hypothermia by giving plenty of warm, sweet drinks.

Pressure points of arteries

3.2. Methods for temporarily stopping external bleeding

Clamp the bleeding vessel (wound)

Finger pressure on the artery is painful for the victim and requires great endurance and strength from the person providing assistance. Before applying a tourniquet, do not release the pinched artery so that bleeding does not resume. If you start to get tired, ask someone present to press your fingers on top.

Apply pressure bandage or perform wound tamponade

Apply a hemostatic tourniquet

A tourniquet is a last resort measure to temporarily stop arterial bleeding.

	Place a tourniquet on a soft pad (elements of the victim’s clothing) above the wound as close to it as possible. Place the tourniquet under the limb and stretch.
	Tighten the first turn of the tourniquet and check the pulsation of the vessels below the tourniquet or make sure that the bleeding from the wound has stopped and the skin below the tourniquet has turned pale.
	Apply subsequent turns of the tourniquet with less force, applying them in an upward spiral and capturing the previous turn.
	Place a note indicating the date and exact time under the tourniquet. Do not cover the tourniquet with a bandage or splint. In a visible place - on the forehead - make the inscription “Tourniquet” (with a marker).

The duration of the tourniquet on the limb is 1 hour, after which the tourniquet should be loosened for 10-15 minutes, having previously clamped the vessel, and tightened again, but not more than for 20-30 minutes.

Stopping external bleeding with a tourniquet (a more traumatic way to temporarily stop bleeding!)

	Place a tourniquet (tourniquet) made of narrowly folded available material (fabric, scarf, rope) around the limb above the wound on top of clothing or placing the fabric on the skin and tie the ends with a knot so that a loop is formed. Insert a stick (or other similar object) into the loop so that it is under the knot.
	Rotating the stick, tighten the tourniquet (tourniquet) until the bleeding stops.
	Secure the stick with a bandage to prevent it from unwinding. Every 15 minutes, loosen the tourniquet to avoid necrosis of the limb tissue. If bleeding does not recur, leave the tourniquet loose, but do not remove it in case rebleeding occurs.

3.3. First aid for abdominal wounds

	It is impossible to reset prolapsed organs into abdominal cavity. Drinking and eating are prohibited! To quench your thirst, wet your lips.
	Place a roll of gauze bandages around the prolapsed organs (to protect the prolapsed internal organs).
	Apply an aseptic bandage over the rollers. Without pressing the prolapsed organs, apply a bandage to the abdomen.
	Apply cold to the bandage.
	Protect the victim from hypothermia. Wrap yourself in warm blankets and clothes.

3.4. First aid for penetrating chest wounds

Signs: bleeding from a wound on chest with the formation of bubbles, air suction through the wound.

	If there is no foreign object in the wound, press your palm against the wound and close the air supply to it. If the wound is through, close the entry and exit wound holes.
	Cover the wound with an airtight material (seal the wound), secure this material with a bandage or plaster.
	Place the victim in a half-sitting position. Apply cold to the wound using a cloth pad.
	If there is a foreign object in the wound, secure it with bandage rolls, a plaster or a bandage. It is prohibited to remove foreign objects from the wound at the scene of the incident!

Call (by yourself or with the help of others) an ambulance,

3.5. First aid for nosebleeds

Causes: nose injury (blow, scratch); diseases (high blood pressure, decreased blood clotting); physical stress; overheating.

	Sit the victim down, tilt his head slightly forward and let the blood drain. Squeeze your nose just above your nostrils for 5-10 minutes. In this case, the victim must breathe through his mouth!
	Invite the victim to spit out the blood. (If blood enters the stomach, vomiting may occur.)
	Apply cold to the bridge of your nose (wet handkerchief, snow, ice).
	If the bleeding from the nose does not stop within 15 minutes, insert rolled gauze swabs into the nasal passages.

If the bleeding does not stop within 15-20 minutes, refer the victim to a medical facility.

3.6. First aid for broken bones

Call (on your own or with the help of others) an ambulance.

3.7. Rules for immobilization (immobilization)

Immobilization is mandatory. Only if there is a threat to the injured rescuer is it permissible to first move the injured person to a safe place.

	Immobilization is performed by immobilizing two adjacent joints located above and below the fracture site.
	Flat, narrow objects can be used as an immobilizing agent (splint): sticks, boards, rulers, rods, plywood, cardboard, etc. The sharp edges and corners of the splints should be smoothed using improvised means. After application, the splint must be secured with bandages or adhesive tape. Tire at closed fractures(without damaging the skin) apply over clothing.
	At open fractures Do not apply the splint to places where bone fragments protrude.
	Attach the splint along its entire length (excluding the level of the fracture) to the limb with a bandage, tightly, but not too tightly, so that blood circulation is not impaired. At a fracture lower limb apply tires on both sides.
	In the absence of splints or improvised means, the injured leg can be immobilized by bandaging it to the healthy leg and the arm to the body.

3.8. First aid for thermal burns

Call (on your own or with the help of others) an ambulance. Ensure that the victim is transported to the burn department of the hospital.

3.9. First aid for general hypothermia

Call (on your own or with the help of others) an ambulance.

If there are signs of your own hypothermia, fight sleep, move; use paper, plastic bags and other means to insulate your shoes and clothes; look for or build a shelter from the cold.

3.10. First aid for frostbite

In case of frostbite, use oil or Vaseline; rubbing frostbitten areas of the body with snow is prohibited.

Call (on your own or with the help of others) an ambulance and ensure that the victim is transported to a medical facility.

3.11. First aid for electric shock

Call (on your own or with the help of others) an ambulance.

	Determine the presence of a pulse in the carotid artery, the reaction of the pupils to light, and spontaneous breathing.
	If there are no signs of life, perform cardiopulmonary resuscitation.
	When spontaneous breathing and heartbeat are restored, place the victim in a stable lateral position.
	If the victim regains consciousness, cover and warm him. Monitor his condition before arrival medical personnel, repeated cardiac arrest may occur.

3.12. First aid for drowning

Call (on your own or with the help of others) an ambulance.

3.13. First aid for traumatic brain injury

Call (on your own or with the help of others) an ambulance.

3.14. First aid for poisoning

3.14.1. First aid for oral poisoning (when a toxic substance enters the mouth)

Call an ambulance immediately. Find out the circumstances of the incident (in case drug poisoning present the medicine wrappers to the arriving medical professional).

If the victim is conscious

If the victim is unconscious

Call (on your own or with the help of others) an ambulance and ensure that the victim is transported to a medical facility.

3.14.2. First aid for inhalation poisoning (when a toxic substance enters the respiratory tract)

Signs of carbon monoxide poisoning: pain in the eyes, ringing in the ears, headache, nausea, vomiting, loss of consciousness, redness of the skin.

Signs of household gas poisoning: heaviness in the head, dizziness, tinnitus, vomiting; severe muscle weakness, increased heart rate; drowsiness, loss of consciousness, involuntary urination, pale (blue) skin, shallow breathing, convulsions.

Call an ambulance.

4. Algorithms for providing first aid for acute diseases and emergencies

4.1. First aid for a heart attack

Signs: sharp pain behind the sternum, radiating to the left upper limb, accompanied by “fear of death,” palpitations, shortness of breath.

Call and instruct others to call an ambulance. Provide fresh air, unfasten tight clothes, and give a semi-sitting position.

4.2. First aid for damage to the organs of vision

4.2.1. If foreign bodies enter

Ensure that the victim is transported to a medical facility.

4.2.2. At chemical burns eye

The victim should only move hand in hand with an accompanying person!

In case of acid contact You can wash your eyes with a 2% solution of baking soda (add baking soda to a glass of boiled water on the tip of a table knife).

In case of contact with alkali you can wash your eyes with a 0.1% solution citric acid(add 2-3 drops of lemon juice to a glass of boiled water).

4.2.3. For eye and eyelid injuries

The victim should be in a lying position

Ensure that the victim is transported to a medical facility.

4.3. First aid for poisonous snake bites

Limit the mobility of the affected limb.

If consciousness does not recover for more than 3-5 minutes, call (on your own or with the help of others) an ambulance.

4.6. First aid for heatstroke (sunstroke)

Signs: weakness, drowsiness, thirst, nausea, headache; increased breathing and increased temperature, loss of consciousness are possible.

Call (by yourself or with the help of others) an ambulance.